Mga Brace, Splint at Support Impormasyon

Ano ito

Ang mga brace, splint at support ay mga device na nagpapanatiling hindi gumagalaw sa isang bahagi ng iyong katawan, o dahan-dahang ginagabayan kung paano ito gumagalaw. Isipin ang isang cast, isang splint na maaari mong tanggalin para maligo, isang supportive bandage, o isang soft brace sa daliri. Maaaring magrekomenda ang iyong doktor ng isa pagkatapos ng operasyon, o bilang kapalit ng operasyon, depende sa iyong pinsala.

Ginagamit ang mga ito para sa maraming problema. Pagkatapos ng keyhole rotator cuff repair sa balikat, maaaring gumamit ka ng sling o brace [1]. Para sa ilang wrist fracture, ang isang removable splint ay maaaring maging epektibo at nangangahulugan ng mas kaunting pagbalik sa ospital [2]. Para sa ilang knee ligament injury, ang isang bracing plan ay nag-aalok ng paraan upang gamutin ang pinsala nang walang surgery [3]. Ang mga splint ay maaari ring makatulong upang kumalma ang isang matigas at tumutunog (clicking) na daliri, at halos kasing-epektibo ito ng mga steroid injection para sa problemang iyon sa short term [4]. Para sa mga stable fracture, ang isang fitted support ay maaaring maging alternatibo sa plaster cast [5]. Ang mga bata na may partikular na ankle fracture ay gumagaling nang maayos gamit ang bandage, removable splint o walking cast [6].

Simple lang ang konsepto: mas mabilis gumaling ang iyong katawan kapag ang napinsalang bahagi ay protektado, ngunit hindi nakatigil nang husto. Ang masyadong kaunting support ay maaaring magpahintulot sa pinsala na gumalaw at kumirot. Ang masyadong maraming support ay maaaring mag-iwan sa iyong matigas at mahina. Ang pagkuha ng tamang balanse ay may malaking epekto sa kung gaano ka kabilis gumaling at kung gaano kaayos gagana ang bahaging iyon pagkatapos [7]. Ang ilang support ay pinapanatiling hindi gumagalaw ang mga bahagi sa loob ng itinakdang oras, gaya ng ilang linggo sa isang cast. Ang iba naman ay hinahayaan kang gumalaw habang binabawasan pa rin ang strain sa naghihilom na tissue. Pipili ang iyong doktor ng uri at ng wearing plan na angkop sa iyong pinsala at sa iyong mga layunin.

Gumagana ba ito?

Para sa maraming pinsala, oo, ngunit ang tapat na sagot ay nakadepende sa kung para saan ginagamit ang support. Natuklasan sa pananaliksik na ang sling ay kasing-epektibo ng brace pagkatapos ng keyhole rotator cuff repair sa balikat [1]. Para sa mga batang may partikular na ankle fractures, ang supportive bandage, removable splint, at walking cast ay lahat na tinanggap nang maayos, na may magkakatulad na rate ng komplikasyon [2]. Tinitimbang pa rin ng mga mananaliksik kung alin sa mga opsyon na iyon ang pinakamahusay para sa bawat bata [2].

Ang ilang mga support ay higit pa sa pagpapanatili sa iyong hindi paggalaw. Sa mga trial pagkatapos ng rotator cuff repair, ang electrical stimulation ng mga kalamnan sa balikat habang nasa sling sa loob ng ilang linggo ay nakatulong upang maiwasan ang maagang muscle wasting at pinabilis ang pagbabalik ng lakas ng balikat [3]. Para sa isang matigas at kumikirot na balikat, ang pagdaragdag ng banayad na upper-back exercises o kinesio taping sa mga shoulder exercise ay nagpahusay sa pananakit habang may aktibidad at sa day-to-day function [4]. Para sa mga taong may recurring shoulder dislocation, ang kinesio taping na pinagsama sa standard rehabilitation ay nagpahusay sa paggalaw at function nang higit pa kaysa sa rehabilitation lamang [5]. Para sa ilang complete knee ligament tears, ang ehersisyo gamit ang brace at restricted blood flow cuff ay nagpakita ng potensyal bilang paraan ng paggaling nang walang operasyon [6].

Hindi malakas ang ebidensya sa lahat ng aspeto. Para sa isang matigas at pumipitik (clicking) na daliri, ang mga splint at ehersisyo ay mukhang promising sa short term, ngunit ang mga pag-aaral ay walang comparison group, kaya mahirap sabihin kung gaano sila kahusay kumpara sa ibang mga gamutan [7]. Ang mga mas bagong opsyon tulad ng 3D-printed supports ay sinusubukan pa rin, at nagpahayag ng pagkabahala ang mga mananaliksik tungkol sa durability at sa maliit na laki ng mga pag-aaral hanggang ngayon [8]. Ang mga waterproof cast para sa arm fractures ng mga bata ay nangangailangan din ng higit pang pananaliksik bago makumpirma ang halaga nito [9].

Ang pinagkakasunduan ng pananaliksik ay ang prinsipyo sa likod ng lahat ng ito. Ang pagkuha ng tamang balanse sa pagitan ng paggalaw at pagpapahinga ng isang napinsalang bahagi ay may mapagpasyang epekto sa paghilom, paggaling, at kung gaano kahusay gumagana ang bahaging iyon pagkatapos [10]. Tinitimbang ng iyong doktor ang balanseng iyon para sa iyong partikular na pinsala.

Ano ang mga panganib?

Karamihan sa mga downside ng isang brace, splint o cast ay nagmumula sa pagsuot nito, hindi mula sa mismong device. Ang pangunahing hamon ay ang pagkuha ng tamang balanse sa pagitan ng pagpapanatiling hindi gumagalaw ng napinsalang bahagi at pagpapahintulot dito na gumalaw. Ang sobrang pahinga ay maaaring mag-iwan sa iyong naninigas at nanghihina, at ang masyadong kaunti ay maaaring magpahintulot sa pinsala na gumalaw at kumirot [1]. Ang balanseng iyon ay may malaking epekto sa kung gaano ka kabilis gumaling at kung gaano kahusay gumagana ang bahaging iyon pagkatapos [1].

Karaniwan ang ilang discomfort at abala. Ang cast na hindi maaaring mabasa ay nangangahulugan ng dagdag na pagbisita sa ospital, na isa sa mga dahilan kung bakit ang removable splint ay maaaring mas madali para sa ilang wrist fracture [2]. Ang balat sa ilalim ng support ay maaaring maging sugat o mairita, lalo na kung ito ay kumikiskis o isinusuot sa loob ng ilang linggo. Kung ang support ay hindi kasya nang maayos, maaaring hindi nito maprotektahan nang wasto ang pinsala.

Mayroon ding mga limitasyon sa kung ano ang maaaring sabihin sa iyo ng ebidensya. Para sa mga ankle fracture ng mga bata, ang mga bandage, removable splint at walking cast ay lahat na tinanggap nang maayos, na may magkakatulad na complication rates, ngunit ang mga mananaliksik ay hindi pa nagkakasundo kung aling opsyon ang angkop para sa aling bata [3]. Para sa mga 3D-printed support, ang mga pag-aaral hanggang ngayon ay maliit lamang at may mga bukas na katanungan tungkol sa kung gaano ito katagal tumatagal [4]. Ang mga waterproof cast para sa arm fracture ng mga bata ay nangangailangan din ng higit pang pananaliksik bago makumpirma ang kanilang mga benepisyo [5].

Ilang mga punto na mahalagang malaman tungkol sa mga partikular na sitwasyon. Pagkatapos ng keyhole rotator cuff repair, ang sling at brace ay nagkaroon ng halos parehong resulta, kaya ang pagpili ng support lamang ay hindi nagdidikta ng iyong outcome [6]. Para sa ilang wrist fracture sa mga nakatatanda, ang apat na linggo sa cast ay sapat na para sa karamihan ng mga tao [7]. Para sa isang broken scaphoid, ang maliit na buto sa base ng iyong thumb, ang pananatili muna sa cast at pag-oopera kalaunan kung ang buto ay mabigong gumaling ay mas naging mabuti kaysa sa pag-oopera agad [8] [9].

Tama ba ito para sa iyo?

Ang isang brace, splint o support ay maaaring angkop sa iyo kung ang iyong pinsala ay sapat na stable upang gumaling nang walang operasyon, o kung kailangan mo ng proteksyon sa loob ng itinakdang oras pagkatapos ng surgery. Maraming bali sa pulso sa mga nakatatanda ang gumagaling nang maayos sa maikling panahon na naka-cast, at ang apat na linggo ay sapat na para sa karamihan ng mga tao sa isang maayos na trial [1]. Kung ikaw ay may bali sa scaphoid, ang maliit na buto sa base ng iyong hinlalaki, ang pagsisimula sa cast at pag-oopera na lamang kalaunan kung mabigong gumaling ang buto ay napanatili sa loob ng limang taon ng follow-up [2] [3]. Ang isang removable splint para sa ilang bali sa pulso ay maaari ring mangahulugan ng mas kaunting pagbalik sa ospital [4].

Maaaring hindi ito angkop sa iyo kung ang iyong pinsala ay nangangailangan ng surgery upang gumaling nang maayos, o kung ang isang support ay hindi kayang panatilihing sapat na hindi gumagalaw ang napinsalang bahagi. Pagkatapos ng keyhole rotator cuff repair, ang sling at brace ay nagkaroon ng halos parehong epekto, kaya ang uri ng support lamang ay hindi nagdidikta ng iyong resulta [5]. Para sa mga bali sa bukung-bukong ng mga bata, ang mga bandage, removable splint at walking cast ay lahat na tinanggap nang maayos, ngunit ang pagpili sa pagitan nila ay nananatiling isang bukas na katanungan [6].

Ito ay isang desisyong dapat gawin kasama ang iyong doktor. Susuriin nila ang iyong pinsala, ang iyong edad at kung ano ang kailangang gawin ng iyong kamay, pulso, balikat o tuhod. Itanong kung ano ang mangyayari kung cast ang gagamitin, o kung surgery ang gagawin, at kung bakit mas angkop sa iyo ang isang opsyon. Ang seksyon ng mga panganib (risks) sa itaas ay sumasaklaw sa mga dapat bantayan habang nagsusuot nito.

Ang pinaka-punto

Ang mga brace, splint, at support ay nararapat isaalang-alang para sa maraming pinsala, at madalas na ang mga ito na mismo ang gamutan sa halip na isang hakbang patungo sa operasyon. Ang makatotohanang inaasahan ay proteksyon habang ikaw ay gumagaling, hindi isang mas mabilis na lunas: ang aparatong iyong isinusuot ay hindi gaanong mahalaga kaysa sa pagkuha ng tamang balanse ng pahinga at paggalaw para sa iyong pinsala [1]. Ang pinakamahalagang babala ay ang ebidensya ay hindi pa kumpleto para sa ilang mga opsyon, kaya itanong sa iyong doktor kung bakit ang isang partikular na support ay angkop sa iyong pinsala at kung ano ang mga alternatibo.

Mga Sanggunian

[1] Tungkol sa “Sling Is Not Inferior to Brace Immobilization After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70326

[2] Kailangan ba ng mga pasyenteng may minimally displaced distal radial fractures ng plaster cast?. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0634.r1

[3] Short-term Outcomes of the Cross Brace Protocol for ACL Rupture Management: A Prospective Cohort Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/2325967126s00013

[4] Efficacy of Splinting in Managing Adult Trigger Finger: A Systematic Review of Short-Term Outcomes. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100881

[5] Outcome analysis of conservative treatment of a distal radius fracture with OPTIVOhand orthosis versus plaster cast: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09585-4

[6] Supportive bandage, removable splint, or walking casts for low-risk ankle fractures in children: a feasibility randomized controlled trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0354.r1

[7] Achieving a balance between mobilization and immobilization after surgical or conservative treatment of the hand. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2026. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251413908

[8] Mid‐frequency electrical muscle stimulation during immobilization may prevent early deltoid muscle atrophy and promote early strength recovery after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/ksa.70303

[9] Effects of adding thoracic extension exercises or thoracic kinesio taping to shoulder exercises on pain and function in adults with subacromial pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.001

[10] A retrospective analysis of the promoting effect of kinesio taping on the rehabilitation of military personnel with recurrent shoulder dislocation caused by training injury. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09753-6

[11] Conservative treatment using blood flow restriction and brace in individuals with complete anterior cruciate ligament rupture: protocol for a randomised clinical trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06285-y

[12] Effectiveness of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Orthosis and Therapeutic Exercise in the Management of Trigger Finger: A Prospective Case Series. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.101038

[13] The current state of 3D-printed orthoses clinical outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09070-4

[14] Waterproof casts for the management of upper limb fractures in children. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.107b6.bjj-2025-0011

[15] Adequately Reduced Distal Radial Fractures in Elderly Patients: How Long Should We Immobilize?. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.25.00333

[16] Clinical effectiveness of early surgical fixation versus cast immobilization for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture: five-year follow-up of the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2026. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0122.r1

[17] Cost-effectiveness of early surgical fixation versus cast immobilization for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture: five-year follow-up of the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2026. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0116.r1

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

Sling immobilization is not inferior to brace immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [1].
The conclusion that sling immobilization is not inferior to brace immobilization cannot be attributed solely to the type of immobilization [1].
Removable splints can be used safely for minimally displaced distal radial fractures [2].
Treatment with removable splints for minimally displaced distal radial fractures saves patients time and inconvenience regarding additional hospital visits [2].
Treatment with removable splints for minimally displaced distal radial fractures saves the healthcare system money [2].
The Cross Brace Protocol provides an additional non-operative option for ACL injuries [3].
The Cross Brace Protocol may be associated with satisfactory anatomical and functional healing for certain patient groups with ACL injuries [3].
Proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise demonstrate feasibility and short-term clinical improvement in the management of trigger finger [4].
Findings regarding proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise for trigger finger cannot establish superiority over other conservative treatments due to the absence of a control group [4].
Four weeks of cast immobilization is sufficient for most distal radial fractures in elderly patients [5].
Splinting is an effective short-term conservative treatment for trigger finger [6].
Splinting offers symptom relief and functional improvement comparable to corticosteroid injections for trigger finger [6].
Kinesiotaping can be considered an alternative choice of supplementary treatment together with exercise therapy for shin splints [7].
Supportive bandage, removable splint, and walking casts are all well tolerated with similar complication rates for low-risk ankle fractures in children [8].
There remains equipoise regarding the best treatment of low-risk ankle fractures in children among supportive bandage, removable splint, and walking casts [8].
Orthoses offer a good alternative to plaster casts for the conservative treatment of distal radius fractures, especially for stable fracture types [9].
Adult patients with a fracture of the waist of the scaphoid displaced by ≤ 2 mm should be treated initially with immobilization in a cast [14].
Early fixation of a nonunion is recommended following initial cast immobilization for adult patients with a fracture of the waist of the scaphoid displaced by ≤ 2 mm [14].

How It Works

Sling immobilization is not inferior to brace immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, though this conclusion cannot be attributed solely to the type of immobilization [1].
Removable splints for minimally displaced distal radial fractures save patients time and inconvenience regarding additional hospital visits and save the healthcare system money [2].
The Cross Brace Protocol provides an additional non-operative option for ACL injuries and may be associated with satisfactory anatomical and functional healing for certain patient groups [3].
Proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise for trigger finger demonstrate feasibility and short-term clinical improvement but cannot establish superiority over other conservative treatments due to the absence of a control group [4].
Splinting is an effective short-term conservative treatment for trigger finger, offering symptom relief and functional improvement comparable to corticosteroid injections [6].
Supportive bandage, removable splint, and walking casts for low-risk ankle fractures in children are all well tolerated with similar complication rates [8].
Orthoses offer a good alternative to plaster casts, especially for stable fracture types [9].
Pain and functional outcomes after primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty with no immobilization are comparable to those obtained with a 3-week immobilization period [10].
Union consolidated in patients with scaphoid waist fractures and > 20% bridging without intervention between one and five years after randomization [11].
Symptom severity, pain, hand function, and orthosis wearability outcomes support interchangeable use of relative motion and metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthoses for managing trigger finger [12].
Maintaining an appropriate balance between mobilization and immobilization is a central challenge in hand rehabilitation and has a decisive impact on tissue healing, functional recovery, and patient outcomes [15].
The application of mid-frequency electrical muscle stimulation during the immobilization period after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair effectively prevented early post-operative deltoid muscle atrophy and accelerated early recovery of shoulder muscle strength [17].

What the Evidence Shows

Upper Extremity Fractures and Dislocations

Sling immobilization is not inferior to brace immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, though the conclusion cannot be attributed solely to the type of immobilization [1].
Orthoses offer a good alternative to plaster casts, especially for stable fracture types, in the conservative treatment of distal radius fractures [9].
Pain and functional outcomes are comparable between no immobilization and a 3-week immobilization period in primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty [10].
Union consolidated in patients with greater than 20% bridging without intervention between one and five years after randomization for scaphoid waist fractures [11].
Adult patients with a fracture of the waist of the scaphoid displaced by 2 mm or less should be treated initially with immobilization in a cast, followed by early fixation of a nonunion [14].
Waterproof casts provide an alternative to standard casts with improved functional outcomes, comfort, and less itching at the time of cast removal for upper limb fractures in children [13].

Lower Extremity Fractures and Ligament Injuries

Athletes who underwent ulnar collateral ligament repair with an internal brace reported excellent midterm patient-reported outcomes statistically similar to those after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, including the proportion successfully returning to preinjury sport [22].
The embrace technique yielded equivalent outcomes compared with suture button fixation for managing syndesmotic injuries [23].

Hand and Soft Tissue Conditions

Proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise demonstrate feasibility and short-term clinical improvement for trigger finger, but cannot establish superiority over other conservative treatments due to the absence of a control group [4].

Practical Considerations

The conclusion that sling immobilization is not inferior to brace immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair cannot be attributed solely to the type of immobilization [1].
Treating patients with minimally displaced distal radial fractures using a removable splint saves them time and inconvenience regarding additional hospital visits [2].
Treating patients with minimally displaced distal radial fractures using a removable splint saves the healthcare system money [2].
Findings from a prospective case series on proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise for trigger finger demonstrate feasibility and short-term clinical improvement [4].
Findings from a prospective case series on proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise for trigger finger cannot establish superiority over other conservative treatments due to the absence of a control group [4].
There remains equipoise regarding the best treatment of low-risk ankle fractures in children [8].
Supportive bandage, removable splint, and walking casts all appear well tolerated with similar complication rates for low-risk ankle fractures in children [8].
Pain and functional outcomes are comparable to those obtained with a 3-week immobilization period in primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty [10].
Waterproof casts provide an alternative to standard casts for upper limb fractures in children [13].
Waterproof casts provide improved functional outcomes, comfort, and less itching at the time of cast removal compared to standard casts for upper limb fractures in children [13].
Limitations of 3D-printed orthoses include small sample sizes, lack of standardized assessment methods, and durability concerns [16].
In the absence of routine access to expert psychosocial/psychological practitioners, trauma clinicians provided psychosocial support using a variety of approaches [18].
The use of various approaches by trauma clinicians for psychosocial support results in disparities in how psychosocial care is provided to patients in Australia and New Zealand [18].
Initial cast immobilization with fixation for nonunion is the optimal form of treatment for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture [19].
The small quality-adjusted life year gains for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture who underwent surgery initially were not sufficient to justify the higher costs compared to initial cast immobilization [19].
Use of a codesigned patient decision aid in practice was feasible for patients considering total knee arthroplasty [20].

Key Evidence

[L5] They argue that the conclusion that sling immobilization is 'not inferior' to brace immobilization cannot be attributed solely to the type of immobilization. [1] (10.1002/arj.70326)
[L2] If patients can be treated safely using a removable splint, this will save them time and inconvenience in terms of additional visits to the hospital, and save the healthcare system money. [2] (10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0634.r1)
[L2] The Cross Brace Protocol provides an additional non-operative option for ACL injuries and may be associated with satisfactory anatomical and functional healing for certain patient groups. [3] (10.1177/2325967126s00013)
[L4] Because of the absence of a control group, these findings demonstrate feasibility and short-term clinical improvement but cannot establish superiority over other conservative treatments. [4] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.101038)
[L5] The authors should be commended for a well-designed, well-executed randomized controlled trial that makes a compelling case that 4 weeks of cast immobilization is sufficient for most distal radial fractures in elderly patients. [5] (10.2106/jbjs.25.00333)
[L2] Splinting is an effective short-term conservative treatment for trigger finger, offering symptom relief and functional improvement comparable to corticosteroid injections. [6] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100881)
[L5] Shin Splints is a rare antity and when diagnosed; kinesiotaping can be thought as an alternative choice of supplementary treatment together with exercise therapy. [7] (10.1016/s0020-1383(13)70151-7)
[L2] There remains equipoise regarding the best treatment of these injuries, with all three treatments appearing well tolerated with similar complication rates. [8] (10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0354.r1)
[L1] Hence, orthoses offer a good alternative to plaster casts, especially for stable fracture types. [9] (10.1186/s12891-026-09585-4)
[L1] The pain and functional outcomes are comparable to those obtained with a 3-week immobilization period. [10] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.02.015)
[L1] Between one and five years after randomization, union consolidated in those with > 20% bridging without intervention. [11] (10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0125.r1)
[L1] Symptom severity, pain, hand function, and orthosis wearability outcomes support interchangeable use of relative motion and metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthoses for managing trigger finger. [12] (10.1016/j.jht.2025.05.018)
[L1] Waterproof casts provide an alternative to standard casts with improved functional outcomes, comfort, and less itching at the time of cast removal. [13] (10.1302/0301-620x.107b6.bjj-2025-0011)
[L1] The recommendation that adult patients with a fracture of the waist of the scaphoid which is displaced by ≤ 2 mm should be treated initially with immobilization in a cast, followed by early fixation of a nonunion, is further corroborated by these findings. [14] (10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0122.r1)
[L5] The review highlights that maintaining an appropriate balance between mobilization and immobilization is a central challenge in hand rehabilitation and has a decisive impact on tissue healing, functional recovery and patient outcomes. [15] (10.1177/17531934251413908)
[L1] However, limitations such as small sample sizes, lack of standardized assessment methods, and durability concerns must be addressed through further research. [16] (10.1186/s12891-025-09070-4)
[L3] The application of the MFEMS during immobilization period after ARCR effectively prevented early post-operative deltoid muscle atrophy and accelerated early recovery of shoulder muscle strength. [17] (10.1002/ksa.70303)
[L5] In the absence of routine access to expert psychosocial/psychological practitioners, trauma clinicians provided psychosocial support using a variety of approaches which results in disparities in how psychosocial care is provided to patients in Australia and New Zealand. [18] (10.1016/j.injury.2026.113198)
[L1] Initial cast immobilization with fixation for nonunion is the optimal form of treatment for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture, as the small quality-adjusted life year gains for those who underwent surgery initially were not sufficient to justify the higher costs. [19] (10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0116.r1)
[L1] Use of the aid in practice was feasible. [20] (10.1016/j.arth.2025.05.104)
[L3] Athletes who underwent UCL repair with internal brace reported excellent midterm PROs statistically similar to those after UCL reconstruction, including proportion successfully returning to preinjury sport. [22] (10.1177/03635465251314054)
[L3] The embrace technique yielded equivalent outcomes compared with suture button fixation for managing syndesmotic injuries. [23] (10.1186/s13018-025-06620-3)

References

[1] Regarding “Sling Is Not Inferior to Brace Immobilization After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70326

[2] Do patients with minimally displaced distal radial fractures need a plaster cast?. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0634.r1

[3] Short-term Outcomes of the Cross Brace Protocol for ACL Rupture Management: A Prospective Cohort Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/2325967126s00013

[4] Effectiveness of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Orthosis and Therapeutic Exercise in the Management of Trigger Finger: A Prospective Case Series. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.101038

[5] Adequately Reduced Distal Radial Fractures in Elderly Patients: How Long Should We Immobilize?. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.25.00333

[6] Efficacy of Splinting in Managing Adult Trigger Finger: A Systematic Review of Short-Term Outcomes. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100881

[7] PS2 The effect of kinesiotaping with exercise therapy for the treatment of shin splints: a case report. Injury. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(13)70151-7

[8] Supportive bandage, removable splint, or walking casts for low-risk ankle fractures in children: a feasibility randomized controlled trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0354.r1

[9] Outcome analysis of conservative treatment of a distal radius fracture with OPTIVOhand orthosis versus plaster cast: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09585-4

[10] Three-week immobilization vs. no immobilization in primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.02.015

[11] Radiological outcome of early surgical fixation versus cast immobilization for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture: five-year follow-up of the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2026. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0125.r1

[12] A randomized comparative trial: Relative motion vs metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthoses for trigger finger management. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2025.05.018

[13] Waterproof casts for the management of upper limb fractures in children. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.107b6.bjj-2025-0011

[14] Clinical effectiveness of early surgical fixation versus cast immobilization for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture: five-year follow-up of the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2026. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0122.r1

[15] Achieving a balance between mobilization and immobilization after surgical or conservative treatment of the hand. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2026. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251413908

[16] The current state of 3D-printed orthoses clinical outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09070-4

[17] Mid‐frequency electrical muscle stimulation during immobilization may prevent early deltoid muscle atrophy and promote early strength recovery after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/ksa.70303

[18] Delivering psychosocial care and support in traumatic injury follow-up: A qualitative study of clinician’s experiences.. Injury. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113198

[19] Cost-effectiveness of early surgical fixation versus cast immobilization for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture: five-year follow-up of the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2026. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0116.r1

[20] A Codesigned Patient Decision Aid Supports the Decision Quality of Patients Considering Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2025.05.104

[22] Clinical Outcomes of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair With Internal Brace Versus Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Competitive Athletes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251314054

[23] Outcomes of suture button fixation versus embrace fixation for syndesmotic injury. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06620-3