支具、夹板与护具 资料

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

• Sling immobilization is not inferior to brace immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [1].
• The conclusion that sling immobilization is not inferior to brace immobilization cannot be attributed solely to the type of immobilization [1].
• Removable splints for minimally displaced distal radial fractures save patients time and inconvenience regarding additional hospital visits [2].
• Removable splints for minimally displaced distal radial fractures save the healthcare system money [2].
• The Cross Brace Protocol provides an additional non-operative option for ACL injuries [3].
• The Cross Brace Protocol may be associated with satisfactory anatomical and functional healing for certain patient groups with ACL injuries [3].
• Proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise demonstrate feasibility and short-term clinical improvement in the management of trigger finger [4].
• Findings on proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise for trigger finger cannot establish superiority over other conservative treatments due to the absence of a control group [4].
• Four weeks of cast immobilization is sufficient for most distal radial fractures in elderly patients [5].
• Splinting is an effective short-term conservative treatment for trigger finger [6].
• Splinting offers symptom relief and functional improvement comparable to corticosteroid injections for trigger finger [6].
• Maintaining an appropriate balance between mobilization and immobilization is a central challenge in hand rehabilitation [7].
• The balance between mobilization and immobilization has a decisive impact on tissue healing, functional recovery, and patient outcomes in hand rehabilitation [7].
• Orthoses offer a good alternative to plaster casts for stable fracture types [8].
• Limitations of 3D-printed orthoses include small sample sizes, lack of standardized assessment methods, and durability concerns [9].
• Kinesiotaping can be considered an alternative supplementary treatment together with exercise therapy for shin splints [10].
• Pain and functional outcomes are comparable between no immobilization and a 3-week immobilization period in primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty [11].
• Union consolidated in patients with greater than 20% bridging without intervention between one and five years after randomization for scaphoid waist fractures [12].
• Symptom severity, pain, hand function, and orthosis wearability outcomes support interchangeable use of relative motion and metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthoses for managing trigger finger [13].
• Supportive bandage, removable splint, and walking casts are all well tolerated with similar complication rates for low-risk ankle fractures in children [14].
• Equipoise remains regarding the best treatment for low-risk ankle fractures in children among supportive bandage, removable splint, and walking casts [14].
• Pooling of studies on waterproof casts for upper limb fractures in children was limited by heterogeneity and small study sizes [15].
• Definitive randomized controlled trials are required to confirm efficacy and investigate cost-effectiveness of waterproof casts for upper limb fractures in children [15].
• Adult patients with a scaphoid waist fracture displaced by 2 mm or less should be treated initially with immobilization in a cast, followed by early fixation of a nonunion [16].
• Use of a codesigned patient decision aid in practice for total knee arthroplasty was feasible [17].
• Initial cast immobilization with fixation for nonunion is the optimal form of treatment for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture [18].
• Small quality-adjusted life year gains for those who underwent initial surgery for scaphoid waist fractures were not sufficient to justify the higher costs compared to initial cast immobilization [18].
• Athletes who underwent ulnar collateral ligament repair with internal brace reported excellent midterm patient-reported outcomes statistically similar to those after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction [19].
• The proportion of athletes successfully returning to preinjury sport was statistically similar between ulnar collateral ligament repair with internal brace and ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction [19].

How It Works

• Sling immobilization is not inferior to brace immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, though this conclusion cannot be attributed solely to the type of immobilization [1].
• Removable splints for minimally displaced distal radial fractures save patients time and inconvenience regarding additional hospital visits and save the healthcare system money [2].
• The Cross Brace Protocol provides an additional non-operative option for ACL injuries and may be associated with satisfactory anatomical and functional healing for certain patient groups [3].
• Proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise demonstrate feasibility and short-term clinical improvement in trigger finger management, but cannot establish superiority over other conservative treatments due to the absence of a control group [4].
• Splinting is an effective short-term conservative treatment for trigger finger, offering symptom relief and functional improvement comparable to corticosteroid injections [6].
• Maintaining an appropriate balance between mobilization and immobilization is a central challenge in hand rehabilitation with a decisive impact on tissue healing, functional recovery, and patient outcomes [7].
• Orthoses offer a good alternative to plaster casts, especially for stable fracture types [8].
• 3D-printed orthoses face limitations including small sample sizes, lack of standardized assessment methods, and durability concerns that must be addressed through further research [9].
• Pain and functional outcomes after primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty are comparable to those obtained with a 3-week immobilization period when no immobilization is used [11].
• Union consolidated in patients with scaphoid waist fractures who had > 20% bridging without intervention between one and five years after randomization [12].
• Pooling of studies on waterproof casts for upper limb fractures in children was limited by heterogeneity and small study sizes, requiring definitive RCTs to confirm efficacy and investigate cost-effectiveness [15].
• Adult patients with a scaphoid waist fracture displaced by ≤ 2 mm should be treated initially with immobilization in a cast, followed by early fixation of a nonunion [16].
• Initial cast immobilization with fixation for nonunion is the optimal form of treatment for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture, as small quality-adjusted life year gains from initial surgery were not sufficient to justify higher costs [18].
• Athletes who underwent ulnar collateral ligament repair with internal brace reported excellent midterm patient-reported outcomes statistically similar to those after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, including the proportion successfully returning to preinjury sport [19].
• Mid-frequency electrical muscle stimulation during the immobilization period after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair effectively prevented early post-operative deltoid muscle atrophy and accelerated early recovery of shoulder muscle strength [20].
• Shoelace repair with internal brace may be a viable surgical option for ulnar collateral ligament injuries with chronic avulsion bone fragments in carefully selected young athletes with minimal ligament degeneration and good tissue quality, particularly when early return to play is prioritized [21].
• The embrace technique yielded equivalent outcomes compared with suture button fixation for managing syndesmotic injuries [22].
• The level of supporting force did not significantly influence architectural or activation outcomes during partial bodyweight-supported squats [25].
• Anthropometric studies can aid in discerning fundamental ratios for orthoses design, allowing for custom-fitted designs and manufacturing with ease and efficiency [26].
• Two claws form a useful addition to Charnley's clamp and have proved effective and easy to use [27].

What the Evidence Shows

Upper Extremity

• Maintaining an appropriate balance between mobilization and immobilization is a central challenge in hand rehabilitation and has a decisive impact on tissue healing, functional recovery, and patient outcomes [7].
• Relative motion and metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthoses can be used interchangeably for managing trigger finger, as symptom severity, pain, hand function, and orthosis wearability outcomes support this equivalence [13].
• Proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise demonstrate feasibility and short-term clinical improvement for trigger finger but cannot establish superiority over other conservative treatments due to the absence of a control group [4].
• Pain and functional outcomes are comparable between no immobilization and a 3-week immobilization period after primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty [11].
• Mid-frequency electrical muscle stimulation during the immobilization period after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair effectively prevents early post-operative deltoid muscle atrophy and accelerates early recovery of shoulder muscle strength [20].
• The recommendation that adult patients with a scaphoid waist fracture displaced by ≤ 2 mm should be treated initially with immobilization in a cast, followed by early fixation of a nonunion, is corroborated by five-year follow-up findings [16].
• Union consolidated in patients with > 20% bridging without intervention between one and five years after randomization for scaphoid waist fractures [12].
• Waterproof casts for upper limb fractures in children require definitive RCTs to confirm efficacy and investigate cost-effectiveness, as pooling of studies was limited by heterogeneity and small study sizes [15].

Lower Extremity

• Exercise under blood flow restriction in combination with a brace could serve as an alternative treatment for participants with acute or subacute complete ACL tears, potentially reducing recovery time or avoiding surgery [31].
• Supportive bandage, removable splint, and walking casts are all well tolerated with similar complication rates for low-risk ankle fractures in children, with equipoise remaining regarding the best treatment [14].
• The combined intervention of kinesio taping and conventional rehabilitation led to more significant improvements in shoulder range of motion and functional scores compared to conventional rehabilitation alone for military personnel with recurrent shoulder dislocation [30].
• Adding thoracic extension exercises or thoracic kinesio taping to shoulder exercises resulted in significant improvements in activity-related pain and self-reported disability exceeding previously reported MCID values for adults with subacromial pain syndrome [29].

Surgical Augmentation and Internal Braces

• Athletes who underwent UCL repair with internal brace reported excellent midterm patient-reported outcomes statistically similar to those after UCL reconstruction, including the proportion successfully returning to preinjury sport [19].
• Shoelace repair with internal brace may be a viable surgical option for UCL injuries with chronic avulsion bone fragments in carefully selected young athletes with minimal ligament degeneration and good tissue quality, particularly when early return to play is prioritized [21].
• UCL repair with internal brace for high-level pitchers with recurrent UCL injury after UCL reconstruction shows promising short-term results with excellent return-to-sport and patient-reported outcomes [33].
• Meniscotibial repair with suture anchors with internal brace augmentation for the MCL repair can provide a strong final construct and a safe and fast recovery [34].
• Modified anatomical reconstruction of the medial collateral ligament with tibial sling bone tunnels and double-bundle semitendinosus tendon aims to restore knee stability more isometrically to improve long-term efficacy and help prevent complications such as osteoarthritis and functional limitations [32].

Technology and General

• 3D-printed orthoses face limitations such as small sample sizes, lack of standardized assessment methods, and durability concerns that must be addressed through further research [9].

Practical Considerations

Upper Extremity and Shoulder

• The conclusion that sling immobilization is not inferior to brace immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair cannot be attributed solely to the type of immobilization [1].
• Pain and functional outcomes after primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty are comparable between no immobilization and a 3-week immobilization period [11].
• Mid-frequency electrical muscle stimulation applied during the immobilization period after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair effectively prevents early post-operative deltoid muscle atrophy and accelerates early recovery of shoulder muscle strength [20].

Wrist and Hand

• For adult patients with a scaphoid waist fracture displaced by ≤ 2 mm, initial treatment with immobilization in a cast followed by early fixation of a nonunion is corroborated by five-year follow-up findings [16].
• In patients with a scaphoid waist fracture and > 20% bridging, union consolidated without intervention between one and five years after randomization [12].
• Orthoses offer a good alternative to plaster casts for the conservative treatment of distal radius fractures, especially for stable fracture types [8].
• If patients with minimally displaced distal radial fractures can be treated safely using a removable splint, this saves them time and inconvenience regarding additional hospital visits and saves the healthcare system money [2].
• Findings from a prospective case series on proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis and therapeutic exercise for trigger finger demonstrate feasibility and short-term clinical improvement but cannot establish superiority over other conservative treatments due to the absence of a control group [4].
• Maintaining an appropriate balance between mobilization and immobilization is a central challenge in hand rehabilitation that has a decisive impact on tissue healing, functional recovery, and patient outcomes [7].

Lower Extremity and General

• For low-risk ankle fractures in children, supportive bandage, removable splint, and walking casts all appear well tolerated with similar complication rates, leaving equipoise regarding the best treatment [14].
• Kinesiotaping can be considered an alternative choice of supplementary treatment together with exercise therapy for shin splints [10].
• Limitations of 3D-printed orthoses, including small sample sizes, lack of standardized assessment methods, and durability concerns, must be addressed through further research [9].
• Pooling of studies on waterproof casts for upper limb fractures in children was limited by heterogeneity and small study sizes, and definitive RCTs are required to confirm efficacy and investigate cost-effectiveness [15].

Key Evidence

• [L5] They argue that the conclusion that sling immobilization is 'not inferior' to brace immobilization cannot be attributed solely to the type of immobilization. [1] (10.1002/arj.70326)
• [L2] If patients can be treated safely using a removable splint, this will save them time and inconvenience in terms of additional visits to the hospital, and save the healthcare system money. [2] (10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0634.r1)
• [L2] The Cross Brace Protocol provides an additional non-operative option for ACL injuries and may be associated with satisfactory anatomical and functional healing for certain patient groups. [3] (10.1177/2325967126s00013)
• [L4] Because of the absence of a control group, these findings demonstrate feasibility and short-term clinical improvement but cannot establish superiority over other conservative treatments. [4] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.101038)
• [L5] The authors should be commended for a well-designed, well-executed randomized controlled trial that makes a compelling case that 4 weeks of cast immobilization is sufficient for most distal radial fractures in elderly patients. [5] (10.2106/jbjs.25.00333)
• [L2] Splinting is an effective short-term conservative treatment for trigger finger, offering symptom relief and functional improvement comparable to corticosteroid injections. [6] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100881)
• [L5] The review highlights that maintaining an appropriate balance between mobilization and immobilization is a central challenge in hand rehabilitation and has a decisive impact on tissue healing, functional recovery and patient outcomes. [7] (10.1177/17531934251413908)
• [L1] Hence, orthoses offer a good alternative to plaster casts, especially for stable fracture types. [8] (10.1186/s12891-026-09585-4)
• [L1] However, limitations such as small sample sizes, lack of standardized assessment methods, and durability concerns must be addressed through further research. [9] (10.1186/s12891-025-09070-4)
• [L5] Shin Splints is a rare antity and when diagnosed; kinesiotaping can be thought as an alternative choice of supplementary treatment together with exercise therapy. [10] (10.1016/s0020-1383(13)70151-7)
• [L1] The pain and functional outcomes are comparable to those obtained with a 3-week immobilization period. [11] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.02.015)
• [L1] Between one and five years after randomization, union consolidated in those with > 20% bridging without intervention. [12] (10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0125.r1)
• [L1] Symptom severity, pain, hand function, and orthosis wearability outcomes support interchangeable use of relative motion and metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthoses for managing trigger finger. [13] (10.1016/j.jht.2025.05.018)
• [L2] There remains equipoise regarding the best treatment of these injuries, with all three treatments appearing well tolerated with similar complication rates. [14] (10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0354.r1)
• [L1] However, pooling of studies was limited by heterogeneity and small study sizes, and definitive RCTs are required to confirm efficacy and investigate cost-effectiveness. [15] (10.1302/0301-620x.107b6.bjj-2025-0011)
• [L1] The recommendation that adult patients with a fracture of the waist of the scaphoid which is displaced by ≤ 2 mm should be treated initially with immobilization in a cast, followed by early fixation of a nonunion, is further corroborated by these findings. [16] (10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0122.r1)
• [L1] Use of the aid in practice was feasible. [17] (10.1016/j.arth.2025.05.104)
• [L1] Initial cast immobilization with fixation for nonunion is the optimal form of treatment for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture, as the small quality-adjusted life year gains for those who underwent surgery initially were not sufficient to justify the higher costs. [18] (10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0116.r1)
• [L3] Athletes who underwent UCL repair with internal brace reported excellent midterm PROs statistically similar to those after UCL reconstruction, including proportion successfully returning to preinjury sport. [19] (10.1177/03635465251314054)
• [L3] The application of the MFEMS during immobilization period after ARCR effectively prevented early post-operative deltoid muscle atrophy and accelerated early recovery of shoulder muscle strength. [20] (10.1002/ksa.70303)
• [L4] Shoelace repair with internal brace may be a viable surgical option for UCL injuries with chronic avulsion bone fragments in carefully selected young athletes with minimal ligament degeneration and good tissue quality, particularly when early return to play is prioritized. [21] (10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101649)
• [L3] The embrace technique yielded equivalent outcomes compared with suture button fixation for managing syndesmotic injuries. [22] (10.1186/s13018-025-06620-3)
• [L4] Importantly, the level of supporting force did not significantly influence these architectural or activation outcomes. [25] (10.1186/s12891-026-09917-4)
• [L4] Anthropometric studies can aid in discerning fundamental ratios for orthoses design, allowing for custom-fitted designs and manufacturing with ease and efficiency. [26] (10.1016/j.jht.2026.01.004)
• [Paper] The two claws shown in Fig. 1 form a useful addition to Charnley's clamp and have proved effective and easy to use. [27] (10.1016/s0020-1383(70)80248-0)
• [L1] All interventions resulted in significant improvements across several outcomes, with improvements in activity-related pain and self-reported disability exceeding previously reported MCID values. [29] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.001)
• [L4] The combined intervention of kinesio taping and conventional rehabilitation led to more significant improvements in shoulder range of motion and functional scores compared to conventional rehabilitation alone. [30] (10.1186/s12891-026-09753-6)
• [L2] Positive results of exercise under BFR, in combination with a brace, could serve as an alternative treatment for participants with acute or subacute complete ACL tears, potentially reducing recovery time or even avoiding surgery. [31] (10.1186/s13018-025-06285-y)
• [L5] The technique aims to restore knee stability more isometrically, which can improve the long-term efficacy of the reconstruction and help prevent complications such as osteoarthritis and functional limitations. [32] (10.1016/j.eats.2025.103625)
• [L4] This pilot case series shows promising short-term results of using UCL repair with internal brace for high-level pitchers with recurrent UCL injury after UCL reconstruction, with excellent return-to-sport and patient-reported outcomes. [33] (10.1177/23259671261422231)
• [L5] Utilizing an open approach, meniscotibial repair with suture anchors with internal brace augmentation for the MCL repair can provide a strong final construct, and a safe and fast recovery. [34] (10.1016/j.eats.2023.09.013)

References

[1] Regarding “Sling Is Not Inferior to Brace Immobilization After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70326

[2] Do patients with minimally displaced distal radial fractures need a plaster cast?. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0634.r1

[3] Short-term Outcomes of the Cross Brace Protocol for ACL Rupture Management: A Prospective Cohort Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/2325967126s00013

[4] Effectiveness of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Orthosis and Therapeutic Exercise in the Management of Trigger Finger: A Prospective Case Series. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.101038

[5] Adequately Reduced Distal Radial Fractures in Elderly Patients: How Long Should We Immobilize?. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.25.00333

[6] Efficacy of Splinting in Managing Adult Trigger Finger: A Systematic Review of Short-Term Outcomes. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100881

[7] Achieving a balance between mobilization and immobilization after surgical or conservative treatment of the hand. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2026. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251413908

[8] Outcome analysis of conservative treatment of a distal radius fracture with OPTIVOhand orthosis versus plaster cast: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09585-4

[9] The current state of 3D-printed orthoses clinical outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09070-4

[10] PS2 The effect of kinesiotaping with exercise therapy for the treatment of shin splints: a case report. Injury. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(13)70151-7

[11] Three-week immobilization vs. no immobilization in primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.02.015

[12] Radiological outcome of early surgical fixation versus cast immobilization for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture: five-year follow-up of the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2026. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0125.r1

[13] A randomized comparative trial: Relative motion vs metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthoses for trigger finger management. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2025.05.018

[14] Supportive bandage, removable splint, or walking casts for low-risk ankle fractures in children: a feasibility randomized controlled trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.107b1.bjj-2024-0354.r1

[15] Waterproof casts for the management of upper limb fractures in children. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.107b6.bjj-2025-0011

[16] Clinical effectiveness of early surgical fixation versus cast immobilization for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture: five-year follow-up of the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2026. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0122.r1

[17] A Codesigned Patient Decision Aid Supports the Decision Quality of Patients Considering Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2025.05.104

[18] Cost-effectiveness of early surgical fixation versus cast immobilization for adults with a scaphoid waist fracture: five-year follow-up of the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2026. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0116.r1

[19] Clinical Outcomes of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair With Internal Brace Versus Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Competitive Athletes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251314054

[20] Mid‐frequency electrical muscle stimulation during immobilization may prevent early deltoid muscle atrophy and promote early strength recovery after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/ksa.70303

[21] Preliminary clinical outcomes of shoelace repair with internal brace for ulnar collateral ligament injuries with chronic avulsion bone fragments in student baseball players. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101649

[22] Outcomes of suture button fixation versus embrace fixation for syndesmotic injury. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06620-3

[25] Partial bodyweight-supported squats elicit eccentric contraction of the thigh muscles. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09917-4

[26] Design and feasibility testing of an automated custom finger orthosis for virtual therapy. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2026.01.004

[27] Additional attachments to charnley's clamp. Injury. 1970. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(70)80248-0

[29] Effects of adding thoracic extension exercises or thoracic kinesio taping to shoulder exercises on pain and function in adults with subacromial pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.001

[30] A retrospective analysis of the promoting effect of kinesio taping on the rehabilitation of military personnel with recurrent shoulder dislocation caused by training injury. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09753-6

[31] Conservative treatment using blood flow restriction and brace in individuals with complete anterior cruciate ligament rupture: protocol for a randomised clinical trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06285-y

[32] Modified Anatomical Reconstruction of the Medial Collateral Ligament With Tibial Sling Bone Tunnels and Double‐Bundle Semitendinosus Tendon. Arthroscopy Techniques. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2025.103625

[33] Outcomes of Revision UCL Repair With Internal Brace for Failure of Primary UCL Reconstruction in Professional and Collegiate Baseball Pitchers: A First Look. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/23259671261422231

[34] Open Medial Meniscotibial Ligament Repair With Concomitant Open Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament Repair With Internal Brace Augmentation. Arthroscopy Techniques. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2023.09.013