Mga Ineksyon ng Stem Cell at Regenerative Impormasyon

Ano ito

Ang mga injeksyon ng stem cell ay isang opsyon sa paggamot na gumagamit ng espesyal na mga cell upang matulungan ang pag-aayos ng mga sira na kasu-kasuan. Ang mga cell na ito ay tinatawag na mesenchymal stem cells. Ito ay isang lumalawak na larangan ng pananaliksik sa orthopaedics at trauma care. Maaaring pag-usapan ng iyong doktor ang opsyong ito kung mayroon kang wear-and-tear arthritis sa iyong tuhod.

Sa kasalukuyan, kulang ang ebidensya upang rekomendahan ang mga injeksyon ng stem cell para sa knee osteoarthritis sa pamantayang klinikal na kasanayan. Ibig sabihin, hindi pa ito malawakang tinatanggap bilang isang karaniwang opsyon sa pag-aalaga. Dapat itong patuloy na pag-aralan sa mahigpit na mga clinical trial upang patunayan ang kaligtasan at epektibidad nito. Kung gagamitin, dapat sundin ng aplikasyon nito ang mahigpit na mga regulasyon sa kalusugan ng gobyerno at gabayan ng tiyak na sakit na iyong nararanasan.

Iniisip na ang mga injeksyon na ito ay gumagana sa pamamagitan ng pagbabawas ng pamamaga at pagtulong sa paggaling ng tissue. Ilang pag-aaral ang nagpapakita na ang pagsasama ng stem cells sa platelet-rich plasma ay maaaring mapabuti ang mga resulta. Iba pang pananaliksik ang tumitingin sa paggamit ng mga cell mula sa umbilical cord o fat tissue. Mahalaga ang timing ng paggamot. Halimbawa, ang pinakamainam na epekto para sa ilang sugat sa tuhod ay nakikita sa ika-7 at ika-14 araw pagkatapos ng operasyon.

Habang ang ilang maagang mga natuklasan ay pang-angkop, hindi pa malinaw ang mga resulta. Hindi natin maaaring sabihin na mas maganda ang isang uri ng stem cell treatment kaysa sa iba. Mayroon ding panganib na ang mga maagang resulta ng pag-aaral ay maaaring biased. Dapat mong maunawaan na ito ay isang patuloy na umuunlad na larangan. Ang iyong doktor ang tumutulong sa iyo upang desisyunin kung ang eksperimental na pamamaraan na ito ay angkop para sa iyong tiyak na sitwasyon.

Gumagana ba ito?

Sa kasalukuyan, kulang ang matibay na ebidensya upang rekomendahan ang mga injection ng stem cell para sa arthritis na dulot ng pagkasuot at pagkasira ng tuhod sa karaniwang klinikal na kasanayan. Hindi maaaring pangakuhan ng iyong doktor na makakatulong ang mga injection na ito sa iyong partikular na kondisyon. Masyadong magkakaiba-iba ang kasalukuyang datos upang suportahan ang malinaw na benepisyo para sa karamihan ng mga pasyente.

Patuloy na pinag-aaralan ng mga mananaliksik ang mga treatment na ito sa mga mahigpit na pagsubok. Ang mga injection ng mesenchymal stem cell ay isang lumalaking larangan ng interes sa orthopaedics. Gayunpaman, dapat mong malaman na ang ilang mga pag-aaral ay maaaring magpakita ng biased na mga resulta. Madalas na nag-uulat ang mga abstract ng mas positibong mga resulta kaysa sa buong teksto ng pag-aaral. Ginagawa nitong mahirap malaman kung ang mga benepisyo ay tunay o simpleng quirks sa pag-uulat lamang.

May ilang maagang pananaliksik na nagpapakita ng pangako sa mga partikular na sitwasyon. Halimbawa, ang pagsasama ng platelet-rich plasma sa mga stem cell mula sa tisyu ng taba ay nagpakita ng mas magagandang resulta sa mga modelo ng hayop. Ang mga stem cell mula sa umbilical cord ay nakatulong din sa mga pasyente na may katamtaman hanggang malubhang sakit at pamamaga sa tuhod. Sa mga pagkukumpuni ng rotator cuff, ang pagdaragdag ng mga stem cell sa operasyon ay nagdulot ng mas magagandang estruktural na paggaling kumpara sa operasyon lamang.

Sa kabila ng mga natuklasan na ito, hindi namin maaaring sabihin na ang bone marrow aspirate concentrate ay mas mabuti kaysa sa ibang mga treatment. Magkakaiba-iba ang mga resulta. May ilang mga pag-aaral na nagpapakita ng walang benepisyo kapag ginamit ang mga selulang ito nang walang espesyal na mga carrier. May iba naman na nagpapakita na ang pagdaragdag nito sa mga graft ay ligtas ngunit hindi nagbabago kung paano ang paggaling ng graft.

Dahil mahina at biased ang ebidensya sa maraming kaso, dapat patuloy na pag-aralan ang mga injection na ito. Ginagamit ito sa ilang mga klinika sa ilalim ng mga regulasyon ng gobyerno, ngunit dapat gabayan ang paggamit nito ng partikular na sakit na iyong nararanasan. Hangga’t hindi pa natatapos ang mga high-quality na pagsubok, hindi mo dapat inaasahan ang garantiyadong pagpapabuti sa iyong sakit sa tuhod o function.

Tama ba ito para sa iyo?

Sa kasalukuyan, kulang ang ebidensya upang irekomenda ang mga injection ng stem cell bilang pamantayang paggamot. Ang mga injection na ito ay patuloy na pinag-aaralan sa mahigpit na mga klinikal na pagsubok. Ito ay kumakatawan sa isang lumalaking larangan ng pananaliksik sa trauma at orthopaedics. Maaaring pag-usapan ng iyong doktor ang mga ito kung ito ay sumusunod sa tiyak na mga regulasyon ng gobyerno sa kalusugan at sa kalikasan ng iyong sugat.

Ilang pag-aaral ang nagpapakita na ang pagsasama ng stem cells at platelet-rich plasma ay maaaring tumulong sa osteoarthritis. Iba pang pananaliksik ang nagmumungkahi na ang mga cell mula sa umbilical cord ay maaaring ligtas at epektibo para sa katamtaman hanggang malubhang sakit sa tuhod. Gayunpaman, magkaiba-iba ang mga resulta. Ilang mga pagsubok ang nagpapakita ng mga benepisyo, habang ang iba ay hindi. Mayroon ding panganib na ang ilang resulta ng pag-aaral ay maaaring biased o ipinapakita nang mas positibo kaysa sa totoo.

Hindi ka malamang na makakuha ng benepisyo kung inaasahan mo ang isang garantisadong paggaling. Hindi sapat ang ebidensya upang pangakuhin ang mga tiyak na resulta. Dapat mong malaman na ang mga paggamot na ito ay hindi pa ganap na patunayan. Karaniwan ay hindi sakop ng insurance, na maaaring magpabigat sa gastos.

Ang desisyong ito ay dapat ibahagi sa iyong doktor. Maaari nilang ipaliwanag kung ang iyong tiyak na kondisyon ay tumutugma sa mga kriteryong ginamit sa kasalukuyang pananaliksik. Tutulungan ka nilang bigyang-kahulugan ang mga potensyal na panganib laban sa mga hindi pa patunayang benepisyo. Huwag mong asahan na ang mga injection na ito ay bahagi ng pamantayang pag-aalaga. Mananatili itong isang eksperimental na opsyon sa kasalukuyan. Gabay ka ng iyong doktor batay sa pinakabagong available na datos at sa iyong personal na pangangailangan sa kalusugan.

Ang pangunahing punto

Kasalukuyang kulang ang ebidensya upang irekomenda ang mga injeksyon ng stem cell para sa osteoarthritis ng tuhod sa karaniwang klinikal na kasanayan. Bagama't may pangako ang ilang mga paggamot, madalas na magkakaiba-iba ang mga resulta o naaapektuhan ng bias sa pag-uulat. Dapat mong patuloy na talakayin ang mga opsyong ito sa iyong doktor bilang bahagi ng mahigpit na mga pag-aaral sa klinika imbes na karaniwang paggamot. Inaasahan na patuloy pa ring pinag-aaralan ang mga terapiyang ito para sa kaligtasan at kahusayan. Huwag mong ipagpalagay na sila ay proven na mas mahusay kaysa sa ibang umiiral na mga paggamot.

Evidence & references

Overview

There is insufficient evidence to recommend stem cell injections in clinical practice for osteoarthritis of the knee at this time [1].
Stem cell injections for osteoarthritis of the knee should continue to be studied in rigorous trials [1].
Mesenchymal stem cell injections represent a growing area of research in traumatology and orthopaedics [2].
There is a significant risk of reporting bias in randomized controlled trials and clinical trials of mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis, with abstracts showing a significantly higher proportion of significant P values compared to main texts [9].
The superiority of bone marrow aspirate concentrate over other orthobiologic treatments for knee osteoarthritis cannot be assessed given the conflicting results presently available [6].
Mesenchymal stem cells have been used in clinical practice in orthopaedics and traumatology in accordance with government health regulations [5].
The application of mesenchymal stem cells in clinical practice should be guided by the pathophysiology of the target disease [5].
The application of mesenchymal stem cells in clinical practice should follow regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective use [5].
The intervention schedule is significantly correlated with the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells for posttraumatic osteoarthritis, with the best effects observed on days 7 and 14 after anterior cruciate ligament transection in a rat model [3].
The combination of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma demonstrated enhanced therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of osteoarthritis [4].
Intra-articular injection of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells is safe and effective for moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis with synovitis [7].
Treatment with umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells showed clinical improvement at the end of follow-up, especially in patients with moderate to severe pain [7].
Endogenous mesenchymal stromal cells can be pharmacologically mobilized into peripheral blood and recruited to the site of rotator cuff repair via local delivery of MCP-1 [8].
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived miR-125b-1-3p-abundant exosomes alleviate osteoarthritis by modulating the KDM6B-H3K27me3-FOXM1 axis [10].
Findings regarding mesenchymal stem cell-derived miR-125b-1-3p-abundant exosomes provide a theoretical rationale for the development of exosome-based therapeutic strategies against osteoarthritis [10].
These findings identify promising therapeutic targets for the development of exosome-based therapeutic strategies against osteoarthritis [10].

How It Works

There is insufficient evidence to recommend stem cell injections in clinical practice at this time [1].
Stem cell injections should continue to be studied in rigorous trials [1].
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) injections represent a growing area of research in traumatology and orthopaedics [2].
MSC application in clinical practice should be guided by the pathophysiology of the target disease [5].
MSC application in clinical practice should follow regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective use [5].
The superiority of bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) over other orthobiologic treatments cannot be assessed given conflicting results [6].
Treatment with umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) is a viable therapeutic option for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) combined with synovitis [7].
UC-MSC treatment shows clinical improvement at the end of follow-up, especially in patients with moderate to severe pain [7].
The combination of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) demonstrates enhanced therapeutic efficacy for osteoarthritis [4].
Endogenous MSCs can be pharmacologically mobilized into peripheral blood [8].
Endogenous MSCs can be recruited to the site of rotator cuff repair via local delivery of MCP-1 [8].
MSC-derived miR-125b-1-3p-abundant exosomes alleviate osteoarthritis by modulating the KDM6B-H3K27me3-FOXM1 axis [10].
Local delivery of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) embedded within an injectable collagen scaffold enhances tendon regeneration in a rat model of collagenase-induced tendinopathy [11].
Local application of BMAC without appropriate carriers could not enhance bone-tendon interface healing in a rabbit model of chronic rotator cuff tear [12].
Adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) interactions with the immune system are complex [13].
ASC secretome may be a well-tolerated treatment for osteoarthritis, though further studies are needed to determine its potential therapeutic benefits [13].
Hypoxic MSCs might exert therapeutic effects mediated by stimulating TGF-β [16].
Hypoxic MSCs promote the expression of COL II [16].
Hypoxic MSCs inhibit the expression of COL X [16].

What the Evidence Shows

There is insufficient evidence to recommend stem cell injections in clinical practice for osteoarthritis of the knee at this time [1].
Stem cell injections for osteoarthritis of the knee should continue to be studied in rigorous trials [1].
Mesenchymal stem cell injections represent a growing area of research in traumatology and orthopaedics [2].
There is a significant risk of reporting bias in randomized controlled trials and clinical trials of mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis, with abstracts showing a significantly higher proportion of significant P values compared to main texts [9].
Spin bias was present in most mesenchymal stromal cell-related trials for knee osteoarthritis, with a higher frequency among trials that utilized adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells [14].
The superiority of bone marrow aspirate concentrate over other orthobiologic treatments for knee osteoarthritis cannot be assessed given the conflicting results presently available [6].
Mesenchymal stem cells have been used in clinical practice in orthopaedics and traumatology in accordance with government health regulations, but their application should be guided by the pathophysiology of the target disease and follow regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective use [5].
The intervention schedule is significantly correlated with the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells for posttraumatic osteoarthritis, with the best effects observed on days 7 and 14 after anterior cruciate ligament transection in a rat model [3].
The combination of platelet-rich plasma and adipose-derived stem cells demonstrated enhanced therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of osteoarthritis [4].
Treatment with umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells was shown to be a viable therapeutic option for knee osteoarthritis combined with synovitis, showing clinical improvement at the end of follow-up, especially in those with moderate to severe pain [7].
Endogenous mesenchymal stromal cells can be pharmacologically mobilized into peripheral blood and recruited to the site of rotator cuff repair via local delivery of MCP-1 [8].
Local delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles embedded within an injectable collagen scaffold enhanced tendon regeneration in a rat model of collagenase-induced tendinopathy [11].
Local application of bone marrow aspirate concentrate without appropriate carriers could not enhance bone-tendon interface healing in a rabbit model of chronic rotator cuff tear [12].
Augmenting hamstring allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with an amnion collagen matrix and injecting bone marrow aspirate concentrate appeared to be safe, and clinical outcomes were favorable up to 2 years postoperation despite having no quantifiable effect on graft maturation [15].
Arthroscopic surgical repair combined with mesenchymal stem cell augmentation reported better structural outcomes compared to isolated surgical repair for rotator cuff tears [17].

Practical Considerations

There is insufficient evidence to recommend stem cell injections in clinical practice at this time [1].
Stem cell injections should continue to be studied in rigorous trials [1].
Mesenchymal stem cell injections represent a growing area of research in traumatology and orthopaedics [2].
The intervention schedule is significantly correlated with the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells for posttraumatic osteoarthritis [3].
The best effects of stem cell treatment for posttraumatic osteoarthritis are observed on days 7 and 14 after anterior cruciate ligament transection [3].
The combination of platelet-rich plasma and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated enhanced therapeutic efficacy for osteoarthritis [4].
Mesenchymal stem cells have been used in clinical practice in orthopaedics and traumatology in accordance with government health regulations [5].
The application of mesenchymal stem cells should be guided by the pathophysiology of the target disease [5].
The application of mesenchymal stem cells should follow regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective use [5].
The superiority of bone marrow aspirate concentrate over other orthobiologic treatments cannot be assessed given the conflicting results presently available [6].
Treatment with umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells is a viable therapeutic option for knee osteoarthritis combined with synovitis [7].
Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell treatment showed clinical improvement at the end of follow-up, especially in patients with moderate to severe pain [7].
There is a significant risk of reporting bias in randomized controlled trials and clinical trials of mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis [9].
Abstracts of mesenchymal stromal cell trials for knee osteoarthritis show a significantly higher proportion of significant P values compared to main texts [9].
Spin bias was present in most mesenchymal stromal cell-related trials for knee osteoarthritis [14].
Spin bias had a higher frequency among trials that utilized adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells [14].
Augmenting hamstring allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with an amnion collagen matrix and injecting bone marrow aspirate concentrate appeared to be safe [15].
Augmenting hamstring allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with an amnion collagen matrix and injecting bone marrow aspirate concentrate produced favorable clinical outcomes up to 2 years postoperation [15].
Augmenting hamstring allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with an amnion collagen matrix and injecting bone marrow aspirate concentrate had no quantifiable effect on graft maturation [15].
Adipose-derived stem cell interactions with the immune system are complex [13].
The secretome of adipose-derived stem cells may be a well-tolerated treatment for osteoarthritis [13].
Further studies are needed to determine the potential therapeutic benefits of adipose-derived stem cell secretome [13].

Key Evidence

[L1] There is insufficient evidence to recommend stem cell injections in clinical practice at this time, but they should continue to be studied in rigorous trials. [1] (10.1097/corr.0000000000003593)
[L2] MSC injections represent a growing area of research in traumatology and orthopaedics. [2] (10.1186/s12891-025-09123-8)
[L5] The intervention schedule is significantly correlated with the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells for PTOA, with the best effects observed on days 7 and 14 after ACLT. [3] (10.1177/03635465251326499)
[L5] The combination of PRP and ADSCs demonstrated enhanced therapeutic efficacy, suggesting its potential as a treatment option for OA. [4] (10.1186/s13018-024-05396-2)
[L5] Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in clinical practice in orthopaedics and traumatology in accordance with government health regulations, but their application should be guided by the pathophysiology of the target disease and follow regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective use. [5] (10.1530/eor-2026-0056)
[L2] However, the superiority of BMAC over other orthobiologic treatments cannot be assessed given the conflicting results presently available. [6] (10.1186/s13018-025-06509-1)
[L1] Treatment with UC-MSCs was shown to be a viable therapeutic option for KOA combined with synovitis, showing clinical improvement at the end of follow-up, especially in those with moderate to severe pain. [7] (10.1186/s12891-025-09440-y)
[L5] Endogenous MSCs can be pharmacologically mobilized into peripheral blood and recruited to the site of rotator cuff repair via local delivery of MCP-1. [8] (10.1177/03635465251341439)
[L2] The study highlights a significant risk of reporting bias in RCTs and CTs of MSCs for the treatment of knee OA, with abstracts showing a significantly higher proportion of significant P values compared to main texts. [9] (10.1177/23259671251374306)
[L5] These findings provide a theoretical rationale and identify promising therapeutic targets for the development of exosome-based therapeutic strategies against OA. [10] (10.1186/s13018-026-06765-9)
[L5] Local delivery of MSC-EVs embedded within an injectable collagen scaffold enhanced tendon regeneration in a rat model of collagenase-induced tendinopathy. [11] (10.1177/03635465261421555)
[L5] Local application of BMAC without appropriate carriers could not enhance bone-tendon interface healing. [12] (10.1177/03635465241313124)
[L5] This study highlights the complexity of ASC interactions with the immune system, while secretome may be a well-tolerated treatment, further studies are needed to determine its potential therapeutic benefits. [13] (10.1186/s12891-025-08642-8)
[L2] Spin bias was present in most MSC-related trials for knee osteoarthritis, with a higher frequency among those that utilized adipose-derived MSCs. [14] (10.1177/03635465241274155)
[L4] This case series demonstrated that augmenting hamstring allograft ACL reconstruction with an amnion collagen matrix and injecting BMAC appeared to be safe, and clinical outcomes were favorable up to 2 years postoperation despite having no quantifiable effect on graft maturation. [15] (10.1016/j.asmr.2025.101209)
[L5] Hypoxic MSCs might exert therapeutic effects mediated by stimulating TGF-β and subsequently promote and inhibit the expressions of COL II and COL X respectively. [16] (10.1186/s13018-025-06184-2)
[L1] Arthroscopic surgical repair combined with MSC augmentation reported better structural outcomes compared to isolated surgical repair for RCT. [17] (10.1016/j.jseint.2025.03.017)

References

[1] Cochrane in CORR ®: Stem Cell Injections for Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003593 [2] Mesenchymal stem cells injections in traumatology and orthopaedics: common practice or still a promising area with many uncertainties?. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09123-8 [3] Days 7 to 14 May Represent an Optimal Window for Stem Cell–Based Treatment in a Rat Model of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection–Induced Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251326499 [4] Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with platelet-rich plasma are superior options for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-05396-2 [5] Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells in orthopaedics and traumatology in daily practice. EFORT Open Reviews. 2026. DOI: 10.1530/eor-2026-0056 [6] Progress in the clinical use of bone marrow aspirate concentrate for knee osteoarthritis: an expert opinion. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06509-1 [7] Intra-articular injection of umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells is safe and effective for moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis with synovitis: a double‑blinded and randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09440-y [8] Pharmacologic Mobilization and Chemokine-Directed Recruitment of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to the Surgically Repaired Rotator Cuff. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251341439 [9] Analysis of P Values in the Abstract Compared With the Main Text of Randomized Controlled Trials and Clinical Trials of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/23259671251374306 [10] Mesenchymal stem cell-derived miR-125b-1-3p-abundant exosomes alleviate osteoarthritis by modulating the KDM6B-H3K27me3-FOXM1 axis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-026-06765-9 [11] Regenerative Effect of Injectable Collagen Loaded With Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Extracellular Vesicles in a Collagenase-Induced Tendinopathy Rat Model. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465261421555 [12] Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Combined With an Appropriate Carrier Effectively Promotes Bone-Tendon Interface Healing in a Rabbit Model of Chronic Rotator Cuff Tear. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465241313124 [13] Impact of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their secretome on osteoarthritis in a rat model. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08642-8 [14] Evaluation of Spin in Clinical Trials of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465241274155 [15] Augmenting an Allograft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With a Collagen Matrix and Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Injection Appears Safe and Produces Favorable Clinical Outcomes at 2‐Year Follow‐Up. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2025.101209 [16] Roles of TGF-β in the therapeutic potential of hypoxic mesenchymal stem cells for treating osteoarthritis in a Rabbit model. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06184-2 [17] Combined arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with mesenchymal stem cell augmentation shows similar functional outcomes but a higher structural integrity rate compared with isolated repair: a meta-analysis of comparative studies. JSES International. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.03.017