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Mga Stem Cell at Regenerative Injection Impormasyon

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ano ito

Ang mga stem cell injection ay isang uri ng regenerative treatment. Ang ideya ay gamitin ang sariling repair cells ng katawan upang tulungan ang mga damaged tissue na gumaling. Ang mga pinaka-pinag-aaralang cells ay tinatawag na mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Matatagpuan ang mga ito sa bone marrow at taba, at maaari silang maging ibang uri ng tissue tulad ng buto o cartilage.

Ito ay isang lumalagong larangan ng pananaliksik sa orthopaedics at trauma care [1]. Isinasaalang-alang ito para sa mga problema tulad ng wear-and-tear arthritis (osteoarthritis), mga pinsala sa tendon, at mga fracture na nabigong gumaling. Ang ilang mga kaugnay na treatment ay gumagamit ng platelet-rich plasma (PRP), na isang concentrate na gawa mula sa iyong sariling dugo. Ang iba naman ay gumagamit ng exosomes, na mga maliliit na particle na inilalabas ng mga stem cell. Ang mga exosome ay maaaring gumana nang hindi kinakailangang kumuha ng mga cell mula sa iyong katawan, kaya naiiiwasan nila ang ilang mga disadvantage ng stem cell therapy, tulad ng sakit sa collection site [2].

Naniniwala ang mga mananaliksik na ang mga treatment na ito ay gumagana sa ilang paraan. Ang mga cell ay maaaring magpakalma ng inflammation, humikayat ng repair, at sumuporta sa paglaki ng bagong tissue [3]. Ang ilang mga approach ay pinagsasama ang mga treatment, halimbawa, ang PRP kasama ang fat-derived stem cells, na nagpakita ng mas magandang resulta para sa osteoarthritis sa mga research setting [4].

Mahalagang malaman kung nasaan na ang siyensya. Wala pang sapat na ebidensya upang irekomenda ang mga stem cell injection bilang isang routine treatment [5]. Higit pang kailangang matutunan tungkol sa kung paano kumikilos ang mga cell na ito bago sila magamit nang malawakan [3]. Ang ilang mga pag-aaral ay promising. Halimbawa, isang pag-aaral sa knee osteoarthritis na may joint lining inflammation (synovitis) ang nakakita ng improvement, lalo na sa mga taong may moderate hanggang severe na sakit [6]. Ngunit ang malaking bahagi ng gawaing ito ay nasa early stage pa lamang.

Kung tatalakayin ng iyong doktor ang opsyon na ito sa iyo, ito ay magiging sa kontekstong iyon: isang evolving treatment, na inaalok sa loob ng mga regulasyon ng health government [7], at tanging kung saan sinusuportahan ito ng ebidensya para sa iyong partikular na kondisyon.

Gumagana ba ito?

Ang tapat na sagot ay depende ito sa kondisyon, at ang mga ebidensya ay kasalukuyan pa ring nabubuo. Para sa wear-and-tear arthritis sa tuhod, may ilang mga trial na nakakita ng pagbuti sa sakit, lalo na sa mga taong nagsimula na may katamtaman hanggang malalang sakit [1]. Ngunit mayroong problema. Isang pagsusuri sa mga trial na ito ang nakatuklas na marami ang nag-ulat ng mga resulta sa paraang ginawang mas maganda ang tingin sa gamutan kaysa sa katotohanan [2] [3]. Dahil dito, mahirap malaman kung gaano talaga kaepektibo ang gamutan.

Para sa mga problema sa tendon at ligament, magkahalo ang mga resulta. Noong idinagdag ang stem cell treatment sa keyhole surgery para sa mga rotator cuff tear, ang inayos na tendon ay mas magandang tingnan sa mga scan kumpara sa surgery lamang [4]. Para sa knee ligament reconstruction, ang pagdaragdag ng bone marrow concentrate ay lumabas na ligtas, at naging maayos ang kalagayan ng mga tao hanggang 2 taon pagkatapos nito [5]. Ngunit natuklasan ng parehong pag-aaral na ang mga idinagdag na cell ay walang ginawang pagkakaiba sa kung gaano kahusay humilom ang bagong ligament sa buto [5]. Sa madaling salita, ligtas, ngunit wala pang malinaw na karagdagang benepisyo sa ngayon.

May mga bagay din na hindi pa alam ang mga mananaliksik. Ang iba't ibang paraan ng paghahanda at pagbibigay ng mga cell ay maaaring makapagpabago sa resulta [6]. Ang ilang cell-based treatments ay hindi pa maaaring maikumpara nang patas sa isa't isa, dahil ang mga umiiral na pag-aaral ay tumuturo sa magkakaibang direksyon [7]. Ang mga mas bagong opsyon, gaya ng mga exosome, ay nasa maagang yugto pa lamang ng pag-test [8].

Kaya, ano ang ibig sabihin nito para sa iyo? Ang mga stem cell injection ay hindi isang napatunayan at routine na gamutan para sa karamihan ng mga problemang orthopaedic [9]. Maaari itong makatulong sa ilang tao na may ilang partikular na kondisyon. Kung tatalakayin ng iyong doktor ang opsyon na ito sa iyo, dapat silang maging malinaw kung aling mga bahagi ng ebidensya ang matibay at alin ang hindi.

Ano ang mga panganib?

Ang tapat na sagot ay kasalukuyan pa ring pinag-aaralan ng mga researcher ang kabuuang larawan ng panganib. Karamihan sa mga pag-aaral hanggang ngayon ay maliit lamang, at ang ilan ay iniulat ang kanilang mga resulta sa paraang nagmukhang mas mabisa ang gamutan kaysa sa katotohanan [1] [2]. Dahil dito, mas mahirap makakuha ng malinaw na pagbasa kung gaano kadalas nangyayari ang mga problema.

Ang mga tiningnan ng mga researcher hanggang ngayon ay higit na tungkol sa mga safety signal kaysa sa binilang na mga pinsala. Noong ang isang bone marrow concentrate ay idinagdag sa knee ligament reconstruction surgery, iniulat ng pag-aaral na tila ligtas ito [3]. Para sa isang gamutan na gawa mula sa mga signalling particles ng fat-derived stem cells, natuklasan sa mga unang pag-aaral na maaaring maayos itong matanggap ng katawan [4]. Ngunit ang mga natuklasang ito ay may kasamang babala. Binanggit sa parehong pananaliksik na kailangan pa ng higit pang mga pag-aaral bago malaman ang mga tunay na benepisyo [4].

Mayroon ding mga bukas na katanungan tungkol sa kung paano inihahanda at ibinibigay ang gamutan. Ang paraan ng paghawak sa mga cell, mula sa sandaling kinolekta ang mga ito hanggang sa sandaling ibalik ang mga ito sa iyong katawan, ay maaaring makapagpabago sa resulta [5]. Sa isang pag-aaral sa hayop, ang isang bone marrow concentrate na inilapat nang mag-isa, nang walang carrier material upang panatilihin ito sa pwesto, ay hindi nakatulong sa paghilom ng tendon sa buto [6]. Mahalaga ito dahil iminumungkahi nito na ang tekniko at ang setting ay bahagi ng kung gagana ang gamutan ayon sa nilalayon, at hindi lamang ang mga cell mismo.

Isa pang bagay na dapat malaman. Dahil ang mga gamutang ito ay pinag-aaralan pa rin, dapat lamang itong ialok sa loob ng mga regulasyon sa kalusugan ng gobyerno, kung saan ang pagpili ay ginagabayan ng partikular na kondisyong ginagamot [7]. Kung iminumungkahi ng iyong doktor ang opsyong ito, itanong kung ano ang alam tungkol sa kaligtasan para sa iyong partikular na problema, at kung ano ang hindi pa alam.

Tama ba ito para sa iyo?

Ang mga injection na ito ay isinasaalang-alang para sa wear-and-tear arthritis, at para sa ilang problema sa paggaling ng tendon, ligament at fracture [1]. Pinaka-sinuri ang mga ito sa research para sa knee arthritis, kabilang ang mga taong may pamamaga ng joint lining [2]. Pinag-aralan din ang mga ito kasabay ng knee ligament reconstruction surgery [3].

Maaaring angkop ito sa iyo kung mayroon kang moderate hanggang severe na pananakit dahil sa arthritis, dahil ito ang grupo kung saan pinakamalinaw na nakita ang pagbuti [2]. Maaari rin itong isaalang-alang kapag ang isang fracture ay nabigong gumaling sa karaniwang paraan [4].

Malamang na hindi ito tama para sa iyo kung nag-eexpect ka ng isang napatunayan at routine na gamutan. Hindi pa ito sinusuportahan ng ebidensya [5]. Ang ilang mga bagong opsyon, gaya ng exosomes, ay nasa maagang yugto pa lamang ng pag-test [6]. At natuklasan ng isang pag-aaral na ang mga idinagdag na cells ay walang ginawang pagkakaiba sa kung gaano kahusay gumaling ang isang bagong knee ligament sa buto [3], kaya ang dagdag na gamutan ay hindi laging nagbibigay ng benepisyo.

Kumpara sa mga pangunahing alternatibo, gaya ng standard surgery o naitatag nang non-surgical care, ang mga injection na ito ay nasa ibang kategorya. Patuloy pa rin itong pinag-aaralan, kaya inaalok ang mga ito sa loob ng mga regulasyon ng health government at ginagabayan ng iyong partikular na kondisyon [7].

Ang mga panganib ay may sariling seksyon sa itaas, kaya basahin muna iyon bago magdesisyon.

Ito ay dapat na isang shared decision kasama ang iyong doktor. Itanong kung aling mga bahagi ng ebidensya ang malakas para sa iyong kondisyon, at alin ang hindi. Kung hindi malinaw ang sagot, maaaring mas makabuti sa iyo ang isang well-established na gamutan.

Ang pinaka-importanteng punto

Ang mga stem cell injection ay pinag-aaralan pa rin, at hindi ito routine care. Maaari itong isaalang-alang para sa wear-and-tear arthritis, lalo na kung ang iyong pananakit ay moderate hanggang severe [1]. Ang ilang mga bagong opsyon, gaya ng mga exosome, ay nasa maagang yugto pa lamang ng testing [2]. Pumasok nang may makatotohanang ekspektasyon: maaaring makatulong ang mga ito sa ilang tao na may ilang kondisyon, at ang paraan ng pag-uulat ng mga resulta sa mga trial ay nagpapahirap na malaman kung gaano talaga ito kaepektibo [3] [4]. Ang pinaka-importanteng babala ay ito. Kung tatalakayin ng iyong doktor ang opsyong ito, dapat itong naaayon sa mga regulasyon ng pangkalusugan ng gobyerno at ginagabayan ng iyong partikular na kondisyon [5]. Kung hindi malinaw ang ebidensya para sa iyong problema, maaaring mas makabuti sa iyo ang isang well-established na gamutan.

Mga Sanggunian

[1] Mesenchymal stem cells injections in traumatology and orthopaedics: common practice or still a promising area with many uncertainties?. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09123-8

[2] Ang Papel ng mga Exosome sa Tissue Regeneration ng Upper-Extremity. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.11.016

[3] Mga biyolohikal na konsiderasyon ng mga mesenchymal stem cell at endothelial progenitor cell. Injury. 2008. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70012-3

[4] Ang mga adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell na pinagsama sa platelet-rich plasma ay mga superyor na opsyon para sa paggamot ng osteoarthritis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-05396-2

[5] Cochrane in CORR ®: Stem Cell Injections para sa Osteoarthritis ng Tuhod. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003593

[6] Ang intra-articular injection ng umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells ay ligtas at epektibo para sa moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis na may synovitis: isang double‑blinded at randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09440-y

[7] Klinikal na aplikasyon ng mga mesenchymal stem cell sa orthopaedics at traumatology sa pang-araw-araw na praktis. EFORT Open Reviews. 2026. DOI: 10.1530/eor-2026-0056

[8] Ebalwasyon ng Spin sa mga Klinikal na Pagsubok ng mga Mesenchymal Stromal Cell para sa Paggamot ng Knee Osteoarthritis: Isang Systematic Review. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465241274155

[9] Pagsusuri ng

[10] Ang pinagsamang arthroscopic rotator cuff repair na may mesenchymal stem cell augmentation ay nagpapakita ng katulad na functional outcomes ngunit mas mataas na structural integrity rate kumpara sa isolated repair: isang meta-analysis ng mga comparative studies. JSES International. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.03.017

[11] Ang Pag-augment ng isang Allograft para sa Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Gamit ang isang Collagen Matrix at Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Injection ay Lumilitaw na Ligtas at Nagbubunga ng Paborableng Klinikal na Outcomes sa 2‐Year Follow‐Up. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2025.101209

[12] Mesenchymal stem cell tissue engineering: Mga teknik para sa isolation, expansion at aplikasyon. Injury. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70006-8

[13] Pag-unlad sa klinikal na paggamit ng bone marrow aspirate concentrate para sa knee osteoarthritis: isang expert opinion. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06509-1

[14] Epekto ng adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells at ng kanilang secretome sa osteoarthritis sa isang rat model. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08642-8

[15] Ang Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate na Pinagsama sa isang Angkop na Carrier ay Epektibong Nagtataguyod ng Bone-Tendon Interface Healing sa isang Rabbit Model ng Chronic Rotator Cuff Tear. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465241313124

[16] Degenerative osteoarthritis ay isang reversible chronic disease. Regenerative Therapy. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.07.007

[17] Ebalwasyon ng bone repair capacity ng mga mesenchymal stem cell sa pamamagitan ng osteogenic lineage differentiation sa mga experimental nonunion fracture. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-10114-6

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 13 June 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • There is insufficient evidence to recommend stem cell injections in clinical practice at this time [1].
  • Stem cell injections should continue to be studied in rigorous trials [1].
  • Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) injections represent a growing area of research in traumatology and orthopaedics [2].
  • More knowledge regarding the biological properties of MSCs and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is required before using these cells as a routinely applied therapy in the clinical setting [3].
  • The intervention schedule is significantly correlated with the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells for posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) [4].
  • The best effects of stem cell treatment for PTOA are observed on days 7 and 14 after anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) [4].
  • Exosomes offer a promising cell-free alternative to mesenchymal stem cell therapies for upper-extremity tissue regeneration [5].
  • Exosomes overcome limitations such as donor-site morbidity and tumorigenesis associated with mesenchymal stem cell therapies [5].
  • A better understanding of exosome mechanisms and standardized isolation methods is required before clinical application [5].
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in clinical practice in orthopaedics and traumatology in accordance with government health regulations [6].
  • The application of MSCs should be guided by the pathophysiology of the target disease [6].
  • The application of MSCs should follow regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective use [6].
  • Interventions employing platelet-rich plasma (PRP), MSCs, and exosomes are considered in the context of degenerative osteoarthritis as a reversible chronic disease [7].
  • The outcome of MSC tissue engineering approaches is influenced by the methodologies and materials used during the cycle from the isolation of MSCs to their re-implantation [10].
  • Cells with the characteristics of stromal stem cells were isolated from irrigation fluid, which is normally discarded [22].

How It Works

  • Exosomes overcome limitations of mesenchymal stem cell therapies such as donor-site morbidity and tumorigenesis [5].
  • Repeated intra-articular injections of PRP and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) alleviated inflammation and pain in rats with surgically induced osteoarthritis [8].
  • Repeated intra-articular injections of PRP and ADSCs promoted tissue repair in rats with surgically induced osteoarthritis [8].
  • Repeated intra-articular injections of PRP and ADSCs modulated immune responses in rats with surgically induced osteoarthritis [8].
  • Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) from diverse tissue sources are used in the treatment of osteoarthritis [9].
  • Endogenous MSCs can be pharmacologically mobilized into peripheral blood [11].
  • Endogenous MSCs can be recruited to the site of rotator cuff repair via local delivery of MCP-1 [11].
  • Osteogenically pre-differentiated adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) demonstrated enhanced bone regenerative capacity compared with undifferentiated ASCs in experimental nonunion fractures [12].
  • Local delivery of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) embedded within an injectable collagen scaffold enhanced tendon regeneration in a rat model of collagenase-induced tendinopathy [13].
  • Mesenchymal stem cell-derived miR-125b-1-3p-abundant exosomes alleviate osteoarthritis by modulating the KDM6B-H3K27me3-FOXM1 axis [17].
  • Local application of bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) without appropriate carriers could not enhance bone-tendon interface healing in a rabbit model of chronic rotator cuff tear [18].

What the Evidence Shows

  • Stem cell injections for osteoarthritis of the knee should continue to be studied in rigorous trials [1].
  • More knowledge regarding the biological properties of MSCs and endothelial progenitor cells is required before using these cells as a routinely applied therapy in the clinical setting [3].
  • The best effects of stem cell treatment for PTOA were observed on days 7 and 14 after anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in a rat model [4].
  • Mesenchymal stem cells have been used in clinical practice in orthopaedics and traumatology in accordance with government health regulations [6].
  • The application of mesenchymal stem cells should be guided by the pathophysiology of the target disease [6].
  • The application of mesenchymal stem cells should follow regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective use [6].
  • Interventions employing platelet-rich plasma (PRP), mesenchymal stem cells, and exosomes are considered in the context of degenerative osteoarthritis as a reversible chronic disease [7].
  • Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) from diverse tissue sources are being researched for the treatment of osteoarthritis [9].
  • The outcome of mesenchymal stem cell tissue engineering approaches is influenced by the methodologies and materials used during the cycle from isolation to re-implantation [10].
  • Endogenous mesenchymal stem cells can be pharmacologically mobilized into peripheral blood [11].
  • Endogenous mesenchymal stem cells can be recruited to the site of rotator cuff repair via local delivery of MCP-1 [11].
  • Osteogenically pre-differentiated adipose-derived stem cells demonstrated enhanced bone regenerative capacity compared with undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells in experimental nonunion fractures [12].
  • Local delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) embedded within an injectable collagen scaffold enhanced tendon regeneration in a rat model of collagenase-induced tendinopathy [13].
  • Spin bias was present in most mesenchymal stem cell-related trials for knee osteoarthritis [14].
  • Spin bias was more frequent among trials that utilized adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells [14].
  • The superiority of bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) over other orthobiologic treatments cannot be assessed given the conflicting results presently available [15].
  • Treatment with umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) was shown to be a viable therapeutic option for knee osteoarthritis combined with synovitis [16].
  • Treatment with UC-MSCs showed clinical improvement at the end of follow-up for knee osteoarthritis combined with synovitis [16].
  • Clinical improvement with UC-MSCs was especially observed in patients with moderate to severe pain [16].
  • Arthroscopic surgical repair combined with mesenchymal stem cell augmentation reported better structural outcomes compared to isolated surgical repair for rotator cuff tears [19].

Practical Considerations

  • The best effects for stem cell treatment of PTOA are observed on days 7 and 14 after anterior cruciate ligament transection [4].
  • Interventions employing platelet-rich plasma (PRP), mesenchymal stem cells, and exosomes are considered for degenerative osteoarthritis [7].
  • Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes from diverse tissue sources are being researched for the treatment of osteoarthritis [9].
  • Spin bias was present in most mesenchymal stromal cell-related trials for knee osteoarthritis [14].
  • Spin bias had a higher frequency among trials that utilized adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells [14].
  • Treatment with umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) is a viable therapeutic option for knee osteoarthritis combined with synovitis [16].
  • UC-MSC treatment showed clinical improvement at the end of follow-up for knee osteoarthritis combined with synovitis [16].
  • UC-MSC treatment showed clinical improvement especially in patients with moderate to severe pain [16].
  • Certain local anesthetics, corticosteroids, and anticoagulants should be avoided when possible to preserve mesenchymal stem cell viability for BMAC procedures [21].

Key Evidence

  • [L1] There is insufficient evidence to recommend stem cell injections in clinical practice at this time, but they should continue to be studied in rigorous trials. [1] (10.1097/corr.0000000000003593)
  • [L2] MSC injections represent a growing area of research in traumatology and orthopaedics. [2] (10.1186/s12891-025-09123-8)
  • [L5] Even though MSCs and EPCs constitute a powerful candidate cell type for regenerative medicine, more knowledge in terms of their biological properties is required before using these cells as a routinely applied therapy in the clinical setting. [3] (10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70012-3)
  • [L5] The intervention schedule is significantly correlated with the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells for PTOA, with the best effects observed on days 7 and 14 after ACLT. [4] (10.1177/03635465251326499)
  • [L5] Exosomes offer a promising cell-free alternative to mesenchymal stem cell therapies for upper-extremity tissue regeneration by overcoming limitations such as donor-site morbidity and tumorigenesis, though a better understanding of their mechanisms and standardized isolation methods is required before clinical application. [5] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.11.016)
  • [L5] Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in clinical practice in orthopaedics and traumatology in accordance with government health regulations, but their application should be guided by the pathophysiology of the target disease and follow regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective use. [6] (10.1530/eor-2026-0056)
  • [L5] Interventions employing PRP, MSCs and exosomes are considered in this article. [7] (10.1016/j.reth.2020.07.007)
  • [L5] Repeated intra-articular injections of PRP and ADSCs alleviated inflammation and pain, promoted tissue repair, and modulated immune responses in rats with surgically induced OA. [8] (10.1186/s13018-024-05396-2)
  • [L5] This article provides a synopsis of the research progress and mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) from diverse tissue sources in the treatment of osteoarthritis. [9] (10.1186/s13018-026-06907-z)
  • [L5] The outcome of these approaches is influenced by the methodologies and materials used during the cycle from the isolation of MSCs to their re-implantation. [10] (10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70006-8)
  • [L5] Endogenous MSCs can be pharmacologically mobilized into peripheral blood and recruited to the site of rotator cuff repair via local delivery of MCP-1. [11] (10.1177/03635465251341439)
  • [Paper] Osteogenically pre-differentiated ASCs demonstrated enhanced bone regenerative capacity compared with undifferentiated ASCs. [12] (10.1186/s12891-026-10114-6)
  • [L5] Local delivery of MSC-EVs embedded within an injectable collagen scaffold enhanced tendon regeneration in a rat model of collagenase-induced tendinopathy. [13] (10.1177/03635465261421555)
  • [L2] Spin bias was present in most MSC-related trials for knee osteoarthritis, with a higher frequency among those that utilized adipose-derived MSCs. [14] (10.1177/03635465241274155)
  • [L2] However, the superiority of BMAC over other orthobiologic treatments cannot be assessed given the conflicting results presently available. [15] (10.1186/s13018-025-06509-1)
  • [L1] Treatment with UC-MSCs was shown to be a viable therapeutic option for KOA combined with synovitis, showing clinical improvement at the end of follow-up, especially in those with moderate to severe pain. [16] (10.1186/s12891-025-09440-y)
  • [L5] These findings provide a theoretical rationale and identify promising therapeutic targets for the development of exosome-based therapeutic strategies against OA. [17] (10.1186/s13018-026-06765-9)
  • [L5] Local application of BMAC without appropriate carriers could not enhance bone-tendon interface healing. [18] (10.1177/03635465241313124)
  • [L1] Arthroscopic surgical repair combined with MSC augmentation reported better structural outcomes compared to isolated surgical repair for RCT. [19] (10.1016/j.jseint.2025.03.017)
  • [Paper] These findings demonstrate that certain local anesthetics, corticosteroids, and anticoagulants should be avoided when possible to preserve MSC cell viability for BMAC procedures. [21] (10.1177/2325967126s00427)
  • [Paper] Even in the irrigation fluid, which is normally discarded, cells with the characteristics of stromal stem cells were isolated. [22] (10.1016/s0020-1383(15)30051-6)

References

[1] Cochrane in CORR ®: Stem Cell Injections for Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003593

[2] Mesenchymal stem cells injections in traumatology and orthopaedics: common practice or still a promising area with many uncertainties?. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09123-8

[3] Biological considerations of mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells. Injury. 2008. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70012-3

[4] Days 7 to 14 May Represent an Optimal Window for Stem Cell–Based Treatment in a Rat Model of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection–Induced Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251326499

[5] The Role of Exosomes in Upper-Extremity Tissue Regeneration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.11.016

[6] Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells in orthopaedics and traumatology in daily practice. EFORT Open Reviews. 2026. DOI: 10.1530/eor-2026-0056

[7] Degenerative osteoarthritis a reversible chronic disease. Regenerative Therapy. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.07.007

[8] Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with platelet-rich plasma are superior options for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-05396-2

[9] Application of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-026-06907-z

[10] Mesenchymal stem cell tissue engineering: Techniques for isolation, expansion and application. Injury. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70006-8

[11] Pharmacologic Mobilization and Chemokine-Directed Recruitment of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to the Surgically Repaired Rotator Cuff. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251341439

[12] Evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells’ bone repair capacity via osteogenic lineage differentiation in experimental nonunion fractures. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-10114-6

[13] Regenerative Effect of Injectable Collagen Loaded With Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Extracellular Vesicles in a Collagenase-Induced Tendinopathy Rat Model. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465261421555

[14] Evaluation of Spin in Clinical Trials of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465241274155

[15] Progress in the clinical use of bone marrow aspirate concentrate for knee osteoarthritis: an expert opinion. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06509-1

[16] Intra-articular injection of umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells is safe and effective for moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis with synovitis: a double‑blinded and randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09440-y

[17] Mesenchymal stem cell-derived miR-125b-1-3p-abundant exosomes alleviate osteoarthritis by modulating the KDM6B-H3K27me3-FOXM1 axis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-026-06765-9

[18] Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Combined With an Appropriate Carrier Effectively Promotes Bone-Tendon Interface Healing in a Rabbit Model of Chronic Rotator Cuff Tear. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465241313124

[19] Combined arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with mesenchymal stem cell augmentation shows similar functional outcomes but a higher structural integrity rate compared with isolated repair: a meta-analysis of comparative studies. JSES International. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.03.017

[21] Poster 123. Characterization of Human Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and the Effect of Commonly Used Clinical Drugs on Their Viability and Proliferation. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/2325967126s00427

[22] RIA fractions contain mesenchymal stroma cells with high osteogenic potency. Injury. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(15)30051-6

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