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炎症性关节炎和类风湿关节炎 资料

本页面由机器翻译，尚未经临床医生审核。英文版本为权威版本。

您的感受

炎症性关节炎（包括类风湿关节炎）与退行性（磨损性）关节炎不同。您的免疫系统会攻击关节的内衬（滑膜），引起肿胀和疼痛。它通常同时累及多个关节，而且往往是身体两侧的同一关节。

疼痛通常有一定规律。许多人早晨醒来时感到僵硬和酸痛，需要一段时间才能活动开。在发作期间，关节可能看起来浮肿并有发热感。休息可以缓解疼痛，但活动又可能使其再次加重，而发作还可能影响您的睡眠。

当关节内衬持续处于炎症状态时，软骨（使关节能够顺滑活动的光滑表面）会逐渐磨损。需要关节承重的日常任务会变得更加困难。根据受累关节的不同，您可能难以握住水壶、转动门把手、走到信箱，或从矮椅子上站起来。

由于该病影响的是全身，而不仅仅是某一个关节，它还可能带来疲劳感。即使在关节相对平静的日子里，您也可能感到精疲力竭。

如果尽管接受了风湿科医生的治疗，您的关节仍变得越来越疼痛或僵硬，那么可能是时候讨论手术了。

实际发生了什么

在退行性关节炎中，关节只是随着时间推移逐渐磨损。炎症性关节炎则不同。您的免疫系统本应抵抗感染，却错误地把关节内衬当作有害物质并对其发起攻击。

可以把这层内衬想象成一块柔软、湿润的布，它让关节保持润滑并获得营养。当它持续受到攻击时，就会肿胀并产生过多的液体。关节因此变得浮肿、发热和僵硬，这就是您在上一节中已经了解的发作。

这种肿胀并不会停留不动。它会释放出侵蚀软骨的物质，而软骨正是让关节顺滑活动的光滑表面。一旦软骨消失，骨头就会直接与骨头摩擦。炎症还会削弱稳定关节的韧带和肌腱，因此关节可能变得松弛或偏离正常位置。您所感受到的疼痛、僵硬以及日常任务上的困难，正是这种持续损害的结果。

由于该病源于免疫系统，而不仅仅是磨损，它通常同时累及多个关节，并可能影响身体两侧的同一关节。这也说明了为什么风湿科医生开具的药物如此重要：它们能平息免疫攻击，保护您的关节。但当某个关节已经严重受损时，仅靠药物无法重建关节表面，这时就需要考虑手术了。

用人工关节替换受损的关节，可以去除那些反复发作的磨损表面。接受髋关节或膝关节置换的类风湿关节炎患者，术后通常能获得真正的疼痛缓解，活动也更好，这与退行性关节炎患者的情况非常相似。与针对退行性关节炎的手术相比，对炎症性关节进行手术可能伴随稍多的风险，在做出任何决定之前，您的外科医生会与您详细讨论这些风险。

预期情况

炎症性关节炎通常时好时坏。在两次发作之间，您可能会有较平静的时期，但潜在的炎症往往会在背后持续发挥作用。随着时间推移，如果不加治疗，关节内衬会持续发炎，软骨、韧带和肌腱的损害也会不断累积。这就是为什么风湿科医生开具的药物如此重要：尽早开始并妥善管理，它们可以平息发作并减缓损害的进展。

当某个关节已经严重受损时，关节置换可以改变预后。接受髋关节或膝关节置换的类风湿关节炎患者，术后通常能获得真正的疼痛缓解，活动也更好，这与退行性关节炎患者的情况非常相似。肩关节置换也是如此：它可以减轻疼痛并改善功能。与术前相比，踝关节置换同样能改善关节功能，但类风湿关节炎患者报告的改善程度往往低于其他类型关节炎的患者。

坦白地说，与针对退行性关节炎的手术相比，对炎症性关节进行手术伴随稍多的风险。由于该病影响的是全身，而不仅仅是关节，因此出现内科问题以及新关节本身出现问题的几率更高，日后需要再次手术的几率也略高。在做出任何决定之前，您的外科医生会与您详细讨论这些风险；这也是风湿科医生的治疗会与手术同步进行、而不会因手术而停止的原因之一。

关节置换术后的恢复是循序渐进的。大多数人会发现，磨损关节那种深部的摩擦样疼痛在术后不久就消失了，新关节也感觉更稳定。在物理治疗师的指导下，重建力量和信心需要数周到数月的时间。请保持切合实际的期望：目标是减轻疼痛，并改善握物、行走和从椅子上站起来等日常任务的功能，而不是让关节感觉像全新的一样。许多人能够非常接近这一目标，但疾病本身会一直伴随您，因此您的医疗团队会继续与您一起关注整体情况。

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 13 June 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • The volume of total joint arthroplasty procedures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has trended markedly upward over the past decade, with a sharp increase after 2015 [1].
  • Inflammatory arthritis is associated with higher rates of medical and surgical complications compared to osteoarthritis in patients undergoing anatomic or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty [9].
  • Following total shoulder arthroplasty, patients with rheumatoid arthritis are at higher risk of systemic and joint-related complications compared to patients with primary osteoarthritis [5].
  • Total knee arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis yields significant improvement in physician- and patient-reported outcomes [10].
  • Patient-reported outcome measures after direct anterior total hip arthroplasty are comparable between patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis [6].
  • Patients with rheumatoid arthritis can expect reduced pain and improved functional outcomes similar to those with osteoarthritis following primary total hip arthroplasty [6].
  • Patients with rheumatoid arthritis may be at an increased risk of complications and revision surgery following total hip arthroplasty [6].
  • In the largest single-institution study to date, patients with rheumatoid arthritis reported poorer patient-reported outcome scores compared with osteoarthritis and posttraumatic arthritis groups after total ankle arthroplasty [8].
  • Patients with rheumatoid arthritis experienced functional outcome improvement from the preoperative baseline following total ankle arthroplasty [8].
  • Shoulder arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis reduces pain and improves function [11].
  • Patient-reported functional outcomes at 6 months were significantly lower in the fracture group compared to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis groups following total elbow arthroplasty [12].
  • Despite comparable complication rates between rheumatoid arthritis and non-RA cohorts, further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of increased revision rates in RA patients is warranted [2].
  • Denosumab demonstrates promising efficacy in maintaining bone health and preventing joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients with coexisting osteoporosis [3].
  • There is preclinical evidence for an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, cartilage- and bone-protective effect of calcitonin in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis [13].
  • Discontinuation of antiviral prophylaxis correlates with high prevalence of hepatitis B virus reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis patients with hepatitis B virus carrier state [14].
  • Cutaneous psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis were associated with higher rates of infections and all-cause revisions following total hip arthroplasty [15].
  • Careful monitoring should be conducted for total elbow arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis cases with a short duration from RA onset to surgery, preoperative instability, misalignment of the implant, and the use of the all-polyethylene ulnar component [16].

Background & Causes

  • Discontinuation of antiviral prophylaxis correlates with a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an HBV carrier state [14].
  • Nonsurgical management of distal radius fractures in patients with inflammatory arthropathies carries a risk of attritional dorsal carpal dislocation and multiple flexor tendon ruptures [25].
  • Preoperative severe ulnar translation deformity is a risk factor for postoperative degeneration of the midcarpal joint following radiolunate arthrodesis in the rheumatoid wrist [22].
  • Pre-existing degenerative changes at the midcarpal joint may lead to loss of wrist range of motion following radiolunate arthrodesis in the rheumatoid wrist [22].

Symptoms & Presentation

  • Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) report poorer patient-reported outcome (PRO) scores compared with osteoarthritis and posttraumatic arthritis groups following total ankle arthroplasty [8].
  • Patients with RA undergoing shoulder arthroplasty experience reduced pain and improved function [11].
  • Patients with RA undergoing total knee arthroplasty yield significant improvement in physician- and patient-reported outcomes [10].
  • Patients with RA can expect reduced pain and improved functional outcomes similar to those with osteoarthritis following primary total hip arthroplasty [6].
  • Unlinked total elbow arthroplasty via the lateral para-olecranon approach in patients with RA achieves significant improvements in pain, range of motion, strength, and overall elbow function [24].
  • Total wrist arthroplasty using the semiconstrained arthroplasty system in patients with RA achieves favorable clinical outcomes [26].
  • Patient-reported functional outcomes at 6 months for total elbow arthroplasty were significantly lower in the fracture group compared to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis groups [12].
  • Pre-existing degenerative changes at the midcarpal joint might lead to loss of wrist range of motion following radiolunate arthrodesis in the rheumatoid wrist [22].
  • Nonsurgical management of distal radius fractures in patients with inflammatory arthropathies carries the potential for attritional dorsal carpal dislocation and multiple flexor tendon ruptures [25].

Management

Non-Operative and Systemic Considerations

  • Denosumab reduced joint mTSS, JSN, and BES, alleviated joint space narrowing, and inhibited bone erosion, providing maximal joint protection and maintaining joint function [23].
  • Tectochrysin may be a novel rheumatoid arthritis therapeutic agent, likely acting via macrophage JAK/STAT pathway inhibition, with promising clinical potential [20].
  • Supervised high-intensity interval training and strength exercise appear to be feasible and well tolerated by patients and could be recommended to improve cardiovascular and physical health in patients with well-controlled rheumatoid arthritis [19].
  • Discontinuation of antiviral prophylaxis correlates with a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis patients with hepatitis B virus carrier state [14].
  • HandScan is able to reliably identify ultrasound-defined remission in rheumatoid arthritis at the joint level, with good sensitivity and high positive predictive value [18].
  • At the patient level, DAS-OST can determine ultrasound remission in rheumatoid arthritis but with lower performance than HandScan [18].
  • Physicians should provide information regarding online treatment queries to patients with rheumatoid arthritis in counseling and education materials [7].

Perioperative Medical Management

  • Among patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing elective hand surgery, perioperative continuation of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs was not associated with significant increases in risks of wound healing failures or surgical site infections [17].
  • Patients with rheumatoid arthritis who are on corticosteroids generally require preoperative "stress" dosages of hydrocortisone [27].
  • Agents that inhibit the immune system should be withheld at least 1 week before and 1 week after a surgical procedure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [27].
  • Biologic agents used in rheumatoid arthritis inhibit the immune system and cause an increased risk of infection in patients taking them [27].

Arthroplasty Outcomes and Complications

  • The volume of total joint arthroplasty procedures conducted in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has trended markedly upward over the past decade, with a sharp increase after 2015 [1].
  • Following total shoulder arthroplasty, patients with rheumatoid arthritis should be considered at higher risk of systemic and joint-related complications compared to patients with primary osteoarthritis [5].
  • Inflammatory arthritis represents a distinctly morbid risk profile compared to osteoarthritis patients, with multiple increased surgical and postoperative medical complications in patients undergoing anatomic or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty [9].
  • Although patients with rheumatoid arthritis may be at an increased risk of complications and revision surgery, they can expect reduced pain and improved functional outcomes similar to those with osteoarthritis following primary total hip arthroplasty [6].
  • In the largest single-institution study to date, patients with rheumatoid arthritis reported poorer patient-reported outcome scores compared with osteoarthritis and posttraumatic arthritis groups after total ankle arthroplasty but experienced functional outcome improvement from the preoperative baseline [8].
  • Despite comparable complication rates between rheumatoid arthritis and non-rheumatoid arthritis cohorts, further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of increased revision rates in rheumatoid arthritis patients is warranted following total elbow arthroplasty [2].
  • Both cutaneous psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis were associated with higher rates of infections and all-cause revisions following total hip arthroplasty [15].

Surgical Techniques and Monitoring

  • Unlinked total elbow arthroplasty performed via the lateral para-olecranon approach provides favorable midterm outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and Larsen grade III–IV disease, preserving triceps function while achieving significant improvements in pain, range of motion, strength, and overall elbow function [24].
  • Careful monitoring should be conducted for total elbow arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis cases with a short duration from disease onset to surgery, preoperative instability, misalignment of the implant, and the use of the all-polyethylene ulnar component [16].
  • Comparative outcomes of robot-assisted versus conventional total knee arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis patients provide important evidence for selecting surgical methods in rheumatoid osteoarthritis [4].

Key Considerations

Perioperative Risk and Complications

  • Patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing elective hand surgery who continue perioperative biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs do not have a significant increase in risks of wound healing failures or surgical site infections [17].
  • Discontinuation of antiviral prophylaxis correlates with a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis patients with a hepatitis B virus carrier state [14].

Joint-Specific Outcomes

  • Patients with rheumatoid arthritis can expect reduced pain and improved functional outcomes similar to those with osteoarthritis following primary total hip arthroplasty, despite an increased risk of complications and revision surgery [6].
  • Total wrist arthroplasty using the semiconstrained arthroplasty system achieves favorable clinical outcomes with no serious complications requiring revision for 10 years after surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [26].
  • Anatomic shoulder replacement has superior functional outcomes compared with reverse shoulder replacement in patients with inflammatory arthritis, with no significant difference in revision-free survival rates between the two procedures [28].

Revision and Survivorship

  • Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of increased revision rates in rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing total elbow arthroplasty is warranted, despite comparable complication rates between rheumatoid arthritis and non-rheumatoid arthritis cohorts [2].

Non-Operative and Adjunctive Considerations

  • HandScan optical imaging can reliably identify ultrasound-defined remission in rheumatoid arthritis at the joint level with good sensitivity and high positive predictive value [18].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] The volume of total joint arthroplasty (TJA) procedures conducted in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has trended markedly upward over the past decade, with a sharp increase after 2015. [1] (10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-22-00209)
  • [L3] Despite comparable complication rates between RA and non-RA cohorts, further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of increased revision rates in RA patients is warranted. [2] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.12.032)
  • [L1] Denosumab demonstrates promising efficacy in maintaining bone health and preventing joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients with coexisting osteoporosis. [3] (10.1186/s12891-025-08688-8)
  • [L3] This provides important evidence for selecting surgical methods in rheumatoid osteoarthritis. [4] (10.1186/s13018-026-06703-9)
  • [L3] Following TSA, RA patients should be considered at higher risk of systemic and joint-related complications compared to patients with primary OA. [5] (10.5397/cise.2024.00374)
  • [L3] Although patients with rheumatoid arthritis may be at an increased risk of complications and revision surgery, patients can expect reduced pain and improved functional outcomes similar to those with osteoarthritis following primary THA. [6] (10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00656)
  • [L4] Physicians should provide such information to patients with RA in the counseling and education materials. [7] (10.1371/journal.pone.0285869)
  • [L3] In the largest single-institution study to date, patients with RA reported poorer PRO scores compared with the OA and posttraumatic arthritis groups but experienced functional outcome improvement from the preoperative baseline. [8] (10.2106/jbjs.24.00048)
  • [L3] Inflammatory arthritis represents a distinctly morbid risk profile compared to osteoarthritis patients with multiple increased surgical and postoperative medical complications in patients undergoing aTSA and rTSA. [9] (10.1016/j.jse.2023.09.014)
  • [L3] Total knee arthroplasty in patients who have RA yields significant improvement in physician- and patient-reported outcomes. [10] (10.1016/j.arth.2026.03.021)
  • [L3] Shoulder arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis reduces pain and improves function. [11] (10.1186/s13018-025-06109-z)
  • [L3] Patient-reported functional outcomes at 6 months were significantly lower in the fracture group compared to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis groups. [12] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.019)
  • [L1] There is preclinical evidence for an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, cartilage- and bone-protective effect of CT in RA and OA. [13] (10.1530/eor-23-0133)
  • [L4] Discontinuation of antiviral prophylaxis correlates with high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis patients with HBV carrier state. [14] (10.1186/1471-2474-15-449)
  • [L3] In particular, both PsC and PsA were associated with higher rates of infections and all-cause revisions. [15] (10.1016/j.arth.2026.03.054)
  • [L4] Careful monitoring should be conducted, particularly in cases with a short duration from RA onset to surgery, preoperative instability, misalignment of the implant, and the use of the all-polyethylene ulnar component. [16] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.10.025)
  • [L2] Among patients with RA undergoing elective hand surgery, perioperative bDMARD continuation was not associated with significant increases in risks of wound healing failures or SSIs. [17] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.03.003)
  • [L3] HandScan is able to reliably identify US-defined remission in RA at the joint level, with a good sensitivity and high PPV, while at the patient level, DAS-OST can also determine US remission but with lower performance. [18] (10.1186/s12891-024-07472-4)
  • [L1] Supervised HIIT and strength exercise appear to be feasible and well tolerated by patients and could be recommended to improve cardiovascular and physical health in patients with well-controlled RA. [19] (10.1136/bjsports-2024-108369)
  • [L5] Tectochrysin may be a novel RA therapeutic agent, likely acting via macrophage JAK/STAT pathway inhibition, with promising clinical potential. [20] (10.1186/s13018-025-06481-w)
  • [L4] Preoperative severe ulnar translation deformity was a risk factor for postoperative degeneration of the midcarpal joint, and pre-existing degenerative changes at the midcarpal joint might lead to loss of wrist range of motion. [22] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.11.014)
  • [L1] Additionally, it reduced joint mTSS, JSN, and BES, alleviated joint space narrowing, and inhibited bone erosion, providing maximal joint protection and maintaining joint function. [23] (10.1186/s12891-025-09206-6)
  • [L4] Unlinked TEA performed via the lateral para-olecranon approach provides favorable midterm outcomes in patients with RA and Larsen grade III–IV disease, preserving triceps function while achieving significant improvements in pain, ROM, strength, and overall elbow function. [24] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.023)
  • [L4] This case highlights the risks associated with nonsurgical management of distal radius fractures in patients with inflammatory arthropathies, specifically the potential for attritional dorsal carpal dislocation and multiple flexor tendon ruptures. [25] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100933)
  • [L4] Total wrist arthroplasty using the semiconstrained arthroplasty system achieves favorable clinical outcomes with no serious complications requiring revision for 10 years after surgery. [26] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.03.002)
  • [L3] There was no significant difference in revision-free survival rates between the two procedures. [28] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.009)

References

[1] Trends in Total Joint Arthroplasty Among Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Effect of Recent Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drug Utilization Guidelines. JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews. 2022. DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-22-00209

[2] Rates of long-term risk of revision and complications in total elbow arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a propensity score-matched analysis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.12.032

[3] Efficacy of denosumab in treatment of osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08688-8

[4] Comparative outcomes of robot-assisted versus conventional TKA in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-026-06703-9

[5] Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with higher 90-day systemic complications compared to osteoarthritis after total shoulder arthroplasty: a cohort study. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow. 2024. DOI: 10.5397/cise.2024.00374

[6] Patient-Reported Outcome Measures After Direct Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty Are Comparable Between Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis: A Propensity-Matched Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2024. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00656

[7] Internet search analysis on the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: What do people ask and read online?. PLOS ONE. 2023. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285869

[8] Complication Rates and Functional Outcomes After Total Ankle Arthroplasty in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.24.00048

[9] Shoulder arthroplasty for inflammatory arthritis is associated with higher rates of medical and surgical complications: a nationwide matched cohort analysis from 2016-2020. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.09.014

[10] Patient-Reported Outcomes and Satisfaction Following Total Knee Arthroplasty in Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Observational Cohort Study. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2026.03.021

[11] The moderating role of negative affect on pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have undergone shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06109-z

[12] A comparison of survivorship and functional outcomes for total elbow arthroplasty performed for distal humerus fracture, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis, a New Zealand Joint Registry study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.019

[13] Calcitonin treatment for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis – a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical data. EFORT Open Reviews. 2024. DOI: 10.1530/eor-23-0133

[14] Discontinuation of antiviral prophylaxis correlates with high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis patients with HBV carrier state: a real-world clinical practice. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2014. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-449

[15] Outcomes Following Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Cutaneous Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2026.03.054

[16] Long-term follow-up study of Kudo type-5 elbow prosthesis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: minimum 10-year clinical outcomes. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.10.025

[17] Perioperative Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs, Risks of Infections, and Wound Complications in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Undergoing Elective Hand Surgery. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.03.003

[18] Optical imaging (HandScan) can identify ultrasound remission in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07472-4

[19] High-intensity interval training improves cardiovascular and physical health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108369

[20] Targeting macrophage JAK3/STAT3 signaling with tectochrysin: a novel therapeutic strategy to ameliorate bone erosion and synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06481-w

[22] Radiolunate Arthrodesis in the Rheumatoid Wrist: A Retrospective Clinical and Radiologic Long-Term Follow-Up. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.11.014

[23] Efficacy and safety of denosumab in treatment of osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09206-6

[24] The Lateral Para-olecranon Approach for Unlinked Total Elbow Arthroplasty with the Kudo Prosthesis in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Midterm Outcomes. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.023

[25] Attritional Carpal Dislocation and Flexor Tendon Rupture as a Rare Complication of Conservatively Managed Distal Radius Fracture in a Rheumatoid Patient. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100933

[26] Clinical Outcomes of Total Wrist Arthroplasty in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Minimum 10-Year Follow-Up Study. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.03.002

[27] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. SOFT-TISSUE PROCEDURES AND OSTEOTOMIES ABOUT THE KNEE > RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE > ADULT-ONSET RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.

[28] Anatomic shoulder replacement has superior functional outcomes with equivalent survivorship compared with reverse shoulder replacement in patients with inflammatory arthritis—New Zealand registry results. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.009

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