Cannabis at CBD para sa Pananakit Impormasyon

Ano ito

Ang cannabis-based medicine ay sumasaklaw sa mga produktong gawa mula sa halamang cannabis, kabilang ang cannabidiol (CBD) at THC. Ang CBD ay isang bahagi ng halaman na hindi nagdudulot ng "high". Ang THC ang bahaging nagdudulot nito. Ang mga produktong ito ay pumupunta bilang mga langis, tabletas, o cream na maaari mong inumin o ipahid sa balat.

Ang mga taong may pangmatagalang sakit mula sa arthritis, nerve pain, o sakit pagkatapos ng operasyon ay minsan nagtatanong tungkol sa mga produktong ito. Maraming pasyente ang curious. Sa isang survey, 80.9% ng mga taong pumupunta sa isang hand and upper-limb clinic ang nagsabing isasaalang-alang nila ang paggamit ng medical cannabis [1]. Sa mga taong may sakit sa spine, isa sa tatlo ang gumagamit na nito [2]. Malaking bilang ng mga taong may wear-and-tear arthritis sa base ng thumb ang nagsabing interesado silang subukan ito [3].

Kasalukuyan pa ring pinag-aaralan kung paano ito gumagana. Ang iyong katawan ay may sariling sistema na tumutugon sa mga aktibong bahagi ng cannabis. Ang CBD at THC ay kumikilos sa sistemang iyon, na pinaniniwalaang nakakaapekto sa kung paano mo nararamdaman ang sakit. Ang ilang doktor ay nakakakita ng puwang para sa CBD sa pamamahala ng sakit pagkatapos ng keyhole shoulder surgery at pangmatagalang sakit [4]. Ang mga maagang pag-aaral sa CBD na kinuha sa ilalim ng dila pagkatapos ng keyhole rotator cuff (shoulder tendon) repair ay nakita na nagpakita ito ng makabuluhang pangako sa pagbabawas ng sakit sa mga unang araw pagkatapos ng operasyon [5].

Gayunpaman, magkahalo ang mga resulta. Para sa nerve pain na dulot ng traumatic brachial plexus injuries (pag-unat o pagkapunit ng nerve network sa pagitan ng leeg at braso), natuklasan sa mga trial na walang clinically important na benepisyo kapag ang cannabis-based treatment ay idinagdag sa standard drug therapy [6]. Ang isang synthetic form ng THC ay hindi lumabas na naglilimita sa opioid intake pagkatapos ng knee replacement surgery [7]. Ang kasalukuyang ebidensya ay nagpapakita ng efficacy at safety para sa chronic musculoskeletal at neuropathic pain [8], ngunit kailangan pa ng higit na pananaliksik bago makapagbigay ng matibay na payo para sa maraming kondisyon.

Gumagana ba ito?

Ang tapat na sagot ay depende ito sa kondisyon. Para sa pangmatagalang pananakit ng kalamnan, kasukasuan, at nerve, ipinapakita ng kasalukuyang ebidensya na maaaring gumana at ligtas ang mga cannabinoid [1]. Itinuturo rin ng mga review ang posibleng papel ng mga gamot na base sa cannabis sa peripheral neuropathy, na isang pananakit mula sa mga nerve sa labas ng utak at spinal cord [2]. Ngunit para sa maraming kondisyon sa kamay at braso, hindi pa nakakahabol ang pananaliksik, kaya hindi pa makakabuo ng mga matibay na konklusyon [1].

Ang ilang mga natuklasan ay nakaka-encourage. Ang CBD ay maaaring isama sa isang combined pain plan pagkatapos ng keyhole rotator cuff repair nang hindi nakakasama sa resulta [3], at wala ring pangmatagalang pinsala [4]. Para sa mga teenager at young adult na sumasailalim sa keyhole hip surgery, ang paggamit ng marijuana bago ang operasyon ay hindi nagpabago sa kanilang antas ng pananakit, pangangailangan sa painkiller, o kung gaano sila kabilis gumaling [5]. Nagpakita sila ng malinaw na pagbuti pagkatapos ng surgery gumamit man sila nito o hindi [5].

Ang ibang mga natuklasan ay hindi gaanong malinaw. Ang mga teenager na nag-ulat ng paggamit ng marijuana bago ang ACL (knee ligament) reconstruction ay mas malamang na mangailangan ng overnight stay sa ospital para sa pananakit at mas matagal bago nakabalik sa sports [6]. At isang pag-aaral na tumingin sa sabay na paggamit ng cannabis at nicotine pagkatapos ng upper limb fracture surgery ay hindi nakakita ng malinaw na karagdagang panganib, bagaman maaaring masyadong maliit lamang ang pag-aaral upang makadetek nito [7].

Kaya ang kabuuang larawan ay talagang halo-halo. May ilang ebidensya na sumusuporta sa mga gamot na base sa cannabis para sa mga chronic pain condition. Ang iba ay nagpapakita ng walang epekto. Ang iba naman ay nagbabangon ng mga katanungan sa mga mas batang pasyente. Kung isinasaalang-alang mo ang mga produktong ito, pag-usapan ito kasama ang iyong doktor, na maaaring tumimbang sa ebidensya para sa iyong partikular na kondisyon.

Ano ang mga panganib?

Ang tapat na sagot ay hindi pa kumpleto ang pananaliksik tungkol sa kaligtasan, at nakadepende ito sa kung anong produkto ang iyong ginagamit at kung bakit. Narito ang ipinapakita at hindi ipinapakita ng ebidensya.

Para sa CBD na kinuha sa ilalim ng dila pagkatapos ng keyhole shoulder tendon repair, natuklasan ng mga pag-aaral ang isang katanggap-tanggap na safety profile [1]. Maaari itong gamitin bilang bahagi ng isang pinagsamang pain plan nang hindi nakakasama sa resulta ng operasyon [2], at wala ring pangmatagalang pinsala [3]. Ito ang pinakamalinaw na safety signal na mayroon tayo, at nagmula ito sa isang uri ng operasyon at isang paraan ng pag-inom nito.

Para sa mga gamot na nakabase sa cannabis sa pangkalahatan, ipinapakita ng kasalukuyang ebidensya na maaari itong gumana at ligtas para sa pangmatagalang pananakit ng kalamnan, kasukasuan, at nerve [4]. Ngunit ang natuklasang ito ay may kasamang babala: kailangan ng higit pang pananaliksik para sa mga matibay na konklusyon sa maraming kondisyon ng kamay at braso [4]. Itinuturo rin ng mga review ang isang posibleng papel sa peripheral neuropathy, na pananakit mula sa mga nerve sa labas ng utak at spinal cord [5].

Ang ilang mga natuklasan ay nagbabangon ng mga katanungan sa halip na katiyakan. Ang mga teenager na nag-ulat ng paggamit ng marijuana bago ang ACL (knee ligament) reconstruction ay mas malamang na mangailangan ng overnight stay sa ospital para sa pananakit, at mas matagal bago nakabalik sa sports [6]. Para sa cannabis at nicotine na ginamit nang magkasama pagkatapos ng upper limb fracture surgery, isang pag-aaral ang nakatuklas na walang malinaw na dagdag na panganib, ngunit maaaring masyado lamang itong maliit upang makadetek ng isa [7]. At para sa nerve pain mula sa traumatic brachial plexus injuries (pag-unat o pagkapunit ng nerve network sa pagitan ng leeg at braso), natuklasan ng mga trial na walang clinically important na benepisyo kapag ang cannabis-based treatment ay idinagdag sa standard drug therapy [8].

Para sa mga teenager at young adults na sumasailalim sa keyhole hip surgery, ang paggamit ng marijuana bago ang operasyon ay hindi nagpabago sa antas ng pananakit, pangangailangan sa painkiller, o recovery [9].

Ang pangkalahatang larawan ay magkahalo. Kung isinasaalang-alang mo ang mga produktong ito, pag-usapan ito kasama ang iyong doktor, na maaaring tumimbang sa ebidensya para sa iyong partikular na kondisyon.

Tama ba ito para sa iyo?

Walang simpleng pagsusuri para dito. Ang mga ebidensya ay tumuturo sa ilang mga grupo kung saan maaaring may lugar ang mga produktong ito, at sa iba kung saan malamang na wala.

Kung ikaw ay may pangmatagalang pananakit ng kalamnan, kasukasuan o nerve, ipinapakita ng kasalukuyang ebidensya na ang mga gamot na nakabase sa cannabis ay maaaring gumana at ligtas [1]. Ang mga review ay tumuturo rin sa isang posibleng papel para sa pananakit mula sa mga nerve sa labas ng utak at spinal cord [2]. Kung ikaw ay sasailalim sa keyhole shoulder tendon repair, ang CBD na iniinom sa ilalim ng dila ay pinag-aralan sa mga unang araw pagkatapos ng operasyon at nagpakita ng makabuluhang pangako sa pagbabawas ng pananakit [3], na may katanggap-tanggap na safety profile [3].

May ilang mga sitwasyon na hindi ito inirerekomenda. Kung ikaw ay may nerve pain mula sa isang traumatic brachial plexus injury (pag-unat o pagkapunit ng network ng nerve sa pagitan ng leeg at braso), natuklasan sa mga trial na walang clinically important na benepisyo kapag ang cannabis-based treatment ay idinagdag sa standard drug therapy [4]. Kung ikaw ay sasailalim sa knee replacement surgery, ang isang synthetic form ng THC ay hindi lumabas na naglilimita sa pag-inom ng opioid (malakas na painkiller) [5]. Kung ikaw ay isang teenager na sasailalim sa ACL (knee ligament) reconstruction, ang naiulat na paggamit ng marijuana bago ang operasyon ay nauugnay sa mas matagal na pananatili sa ospital dahil sa pananakit at mas mabagal na pagbabalik sa sports [6].

Kumpara sa mga standard na gamot sa pananakit, ang mga produktong ito ay hindi kapalit. Pinakamainam na ituring ang mga ito bilang isang opsyon na maaaring idagdag ng iyong doktor sa isang planong may kasama nang ibang mga gamot.

Dapat itong maging isang shared decision kasama ang iyong doktor. Alam nila ang iyong kondisyon, ang iyong iba pang mga gamot at ang iyong health history, at maaaring timbangin ang ebidensya para sa iyo partikular na.

Ang pinaka-punto

Ang mga gamot na base sa cannabis ay maaaring may lugar sa iyong pain plan, ngunit depende ito sa iyong kondisyon. Para sa pangmatagalang pananakit ng kalamnan, kasukasuan, at nerve, ipinapakita ng ebidensya na maaari itong gumana at ligtas [1]. Itinuturo rin ng mga review ang isang posibleng papel nito para sa pananakit mula sa mga nerve sa labas ng utak at spinal cord [2]. Gayunpaman, para sa maraming kondisyon sa kamay at braso, hindi pa nakakahabol ang pananaliksik [1]. Kaya pumasok nang may makatotohanang ekspektasyon: ang mga produktong ito ay isang opsyon na dapat isaalang-alang, hindi isang napatunayang lunas para sa lahat. Ang pinakamahalagang babala ay halo-halo ang ebidensya, kaya talakayin muna ito nang mabuti sa iyong doktor bago sumubok ng anuman.

Mga Sanggunian

[1] Hand Surgery Patient Perspectives on Medical Cannabis: A Survey of Over 600 Patients. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.02.009

[2] Perceptions in orthopedic surgery on the use of cannabis in treating pain: a survey of patients with spine pain (POSIT Spine). Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04558-6

[3] Assessment of Medical Cannabis in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Thumb Basal Joint. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.10.018

[4] Poster 373: Perceptions & Opinions on Cannabidiol Among Sports Medicine Orthopaedic Surgeons. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/2325967123s00336

[5] Effects Of Cannabidiol On Post-Operative Pain Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.032

[6] CORR Insights®: Does Cannabis-based Medicine Improve Pain and Sleep Quality in Patients With Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries? A Triple-blind, Crossover, Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003265

[7] A Synthetic Form of Cannabinoid Does Not Decrease Opioid Use After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2026.02.047

[8] Medical Cannabis in Hand Surgery: A Review of the Current Evidence. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.11.008

[9] The Use of Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy and Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.09.015

[10] Cannabidiol for Postoperative Pain Control After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Demonstrates No Deficits in Patient-Reported Outcomes Versus Placebo: 1-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/23259671231222265

[11] Poster 186: Cannabidiol for Post-Operative Pain Control after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Demonstrates No Functional Deficits at 1-Year. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/2325967123s00172

[12] No Evidence That Preoperative Marijuana Use Influences the Success of Hip Arthroscopy for Femoracetabular Impingement in Adolescents and Young Adults. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/23259671251385152

[13] Effect of Marijuana Use on Pain Management and Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients: A Matched Control Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/23259671251369015

[14] Cannabis and nicotine use are independently associated with adverse surgical, medical, and psychosocial outcomes following upper extremity fracture fixation. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06635-w

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

Cannabidiol (CBD) can be considered in a postoperative multimodal pain management regimen without detrimental effects on patient-reported outcomes at 1-year follow-up after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [1].
CBD can be considered in a postoperative multimodal pain management regimen without long-term functional deficits at 1-year follow-up after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [2].
Cannabis-based medicines are applicable for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy and neuropathic pain [3].
89% of participants in a survey of musculoskeletal pain patients considered medical cannabis to be more effective than narcotics for adequate pain management [4].
Regular cannabis use may be associated with increased opioid usage in the context of total joint arthroplasty [5].
No specific guidance for the use of cannabis in perioperative pain management can be suggested based on the association between regular cannabis use and increased opioid usage after total joint arthroplasty [5].
Patients estimated that medical cannabis could treat more than half of their spine pain [6].
One in three patients with spine pain were already using medical cannabis [6].
79% of patients with spine pain believe cannabis could reduce opioid usage [6].
Most survey respondents in the orthopaedic sports medicine community believed that CBD has a role in postoperative and chronic pain management [7].
Large numbers of patients with osteoarthritis of the thumb basal joint would be interested in trialing either oral or topical formulations of medical cannabis for treatment of their pain [8].
80.9% of patients presenting for hand and upper-extremity complaints would consider using medical cannabis [9].
Patients presenting for hand and upper-extremity complaints perceive medical cannabis as a safe treatment option for common orthopedic conditions [9].
Cost is identified as a major barrier to the use of medical cannabis by patients presenting for hand and upper-extremity complaints [9].
A synthetic form of THC does not appear to limit opioid intake after primary total knee arthroplasty [10].
Current evidence demonstrates efficacy and safety for chronic musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain [19].
Definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of medical cannabis in hand and upper extremity conditions require continued investigation [19].

How It Works

Cannabidiol (CBD) can be considered in a postoperative multimodal pain management regimen without long-term functional deficits at 1-year follow-up after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [2].
89% of participants considered medical cannabis to be more effective than narcotics for adequate pain management [4].
No specific guidance in the use of cannabis in perioperative pain management can be suggested based on the association between regular cannabis use and increased opioid usage after total joint arthroplasty [5].
Cannabis-based medicine did not provide clinical improvement in pain compared with a placebo in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries [11].
A majority of sports medicine surgeons believe that CBD has a role in post-operative and chronic pain management [12].
More clinical research for cannabinoids is needed to help orthopaedic traumatologists provide guidance for patients seeking advice for this therapeutic [13].
Patients with documented cannabis dependence demonstrated higher odds of developing wound complications following hand and wrist soft-tissue surgical procedures [16].

What the Evidence Shows

Postoperative Pain Management

CBD can be considered in a post-operative multimodal pain management regimen without long-term functional deficits at 1-year follow-up after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [2].
Buccally absorbed CBD demonstrates an acceptable safety profile and shows significant promise in reducing pain in the immediate peri-operative period following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair compared to control [17].
Cannabis use does not affect outcomes after total hip arthroplasty [14].
Further studies are warranted to determine the efficacy and safety of perioperative cannabis use after total hip arthroplasty to help guide orthopaedic surgeons in counseling patients [14].
Higher-level studies are needed to ascertain the impact of cannabis use for patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty [15].

Neuropathic Pain

Cannabis-based treatment did not provide clinically important benefit as an adjuvant to standard multimodal drug therapy for neuropathic pain in traumatic brachial plexus injuries [18].
Findings suggest the applicability of cannabis-based medicines for peripheral neuropathy [3].

Patient and Surgeon Perceptions

Patients estimated medical cannabis could treat more than half of their spine pain [6].

Practical Considerations

Postoperative Pain Management

CBD can be considered in a postoperative multimodal pain management regimen without detrimental effects on outcome [1].
CBD can be considered in a post-operative multimodal pain management regimen without long-term detrimental effects [2].

Patient and Provider Perceptions

Large numbers of patients with osteoarthritis of the thumb basal joint would be interested in trialing either oral or topical formulations of medical cannabis for treatment of their thumb basal joint pain [8].

Clinical Guidance and Research Needs

No specific guidance in the use of cannabis in perioperative pain management can be suggested based on the association between regular cannabis use and increased opioid usage in total joint arthroplasty [5].
More clinical research for cannabinoids is needed to help orthopaedic traumatologists provide guidance for patients seeking advice [13].

Key Evidence

[L2] These findings suggest that CBD can be considered in a postoperative multimodal pain management regimen without detrimental effects on outcome. [1] (10.1177/23259671231222265)
[L2] These findings suggest that CBD can be considered in a post-operative multimodal pain management regimen without long-term detrimental effects. [2] (10.1177/2325967123s00172)
[L2] These findings suggest the applicability of cannabis-based medicines for peripheral neuropathy. [3] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.09.015)
[L4] In addition, 89% of the participants considered medical cannabis to be more effective than narcotics for adequate pain management. [4] (10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-22-00055)
[Paper] Regular cannabis use may be associated with increased opioid usage in the context of total joint arthroplasty, and no specific guidance in the use of cannabis in perioperative pain management can be suggested based on this discovery. [5] (10.1097/corr.0000000000003472)
[L4] Patients estimated medical cannabis could treat more than half of their spine pain, with one in three patients already using medical cannabis, and 79% of patients believe cannabis could reduce opioid usage. [6] (10.1186/s13018-024-04558-6)
[L4] Most survey respondents believed that CBD has a role in postoperative and chronic pain management. [7] (10.1177/23259671231191766)
[L4] Large numbers of these patients would be interested in trialing either oral or topical formulations of medical cannabis for treatment of their thumb basal joint pain. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.10.018)
[L3] Most patients presenting for hand and upper-extremity complaints would consider using medical cannabis (80.9%) and perceive it as a safe treatment option for common orthopedic conditions, with cost identified as a major barrier to use. [9] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.02.009)
[L1] Despite enthusiasm for cannabis after orthopaedic surgical procedures, this THC does not appear to limit opioid intake after primary TKA. [10] (10.1016/j.arth.2026.02.047)
[L1] Cannabis-based medicine did not provide clinical improvement in pain compared with a placebo in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries. [11] (10.1097/corr.0000000000003221)
[L4] A majority of sports medicine surgeons believe that CBD has a role in post-operative and chronic pain management. [12] (10.1177/2325967123s00336)
[L4] More clinical research for cannabinoids is needed to help orthopaedic traumatologists provide guidance for patients seeking advice for this recently popular therapeutic. [13] (10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-21-00047)
[L3] Further studies are warranted to determine the efficacy and safety of perioperative cannabis use after THA to help guide orthopaedic surgeons in counseling patients. [14] (10.1016/j.arth.2023.03.040)
[L1] Higher-level studies are needed to ascertain the impact of cannabis use for patients undergoing TJA. [15] (10.1016/j.arth.2023.07.008)
[L2] Patients with documented cannabis dependence demonstrated higher odds of developing wound complications following hand and wrist soft-tissue surgical procedures. [16] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100948)
[L1] Buccally absorbed CBD demonstrates an acceptable safety profile and shows significant promise in reduction of pain in the immediate peri-operative period following ARCR compared to the control. [17] (10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.032)
[Paper] This is a commentary on a randomized controlled trial by Kittithamvongs et al., which found no clinically important benefit to cannabis-based treatment as an adjuvant to standard multimodal drug therapy for neuropathic pain in traumatic brachial plexus injuries. [18] (10.1097/corr.0000000000003265)
[L4] Current evidence demonstrates efficacy and safety for chronic musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain, but definitive conclusions regarding efficacy in hand and upper extremity conditions require continued investigation. [19] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.11.008)

References

[1] Cannabidiol for Postoperative Pain Control After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Demonstrates No Deficits in Patient-Reported Outcomes Versus Placebo: 1-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/23259671231222265

[2] Poster 186: Cannabidiol for Post-Operative Pain Control after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Demonstrates No Functional Deficits at 1-Year. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/2325967123s00172

[3] The Use of Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy and Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.09.015

[4] Patient Experience and Perspective on Medical Cannabis as an Alternative for Musculoskeletal Pain Management. JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews. 2022. DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-22-00055

[5] CORR Insights®: Do Medical and Recreational Marijuana State Laws Impact Trends in Postoperative Opioid Prescriptions Among Patients Who Have Undergone TJA?. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003472

[6] Perceptions in orthopedic surgery on the use of cannabis in treating pain: a survey of patients with spine pain (POSIT Spine). Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04558-6

[7] Perceptions and Opinions on Cannabidiol in the Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Community. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/23259671231191766

[8] Assessment of Medical Cannabis in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Thumb Basal Joint. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.10.018

[9] Hand Surgery Patient Perspectives on Medical Cannabis: A Survey of Over 600 Patients. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.02.009

[10] A Synthetic Form of Cannabinoid Does Not Decrease Opioid Use After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2026.02.047

[11] Does Cannabis-based Medicine Improve Pain and Sleep Quality in Patients With Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries? A Triple-blind, Crossover, Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003221

[12] Poster 373: Perceptions & Opinions on Cannabidiol Among Sports Medicine Orthopaedic Surgeons. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/2325967123s00336

[13] Knowledge and Opinion on Cannabinoids Among Orthopaedic Traumatologists. JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews. 2021. DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-21-00047

[14] Cannabis Use Does Not Affect Outcomes After Total Hip Arthroplasty. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2023.03.040

[15] Cannabis Use Following Total Joint Arthroplasty is Associated With Increased Risks? A Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2023.07.008

[16] Is Cannabis Dependence Associated with Postoperative Infections in Hand and Wrist Surgeries?. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100948

[17] Effects Of Cannabidiol On Post-Operative Pain Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.032

[18] CORR Insights®: Does Cannabis-based Medicine Improve Pain and Sleep Quality in Patients With Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries? A Triple-blind, Crossover, Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2024. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003265

[19] Medical Cannabis in Hand Surgery: A Review of the Current Evidence. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.11.008