Lumps and Bumps on the Hand, Wrist and Fingers Info Evidence
Reviewed by Dr Kieran Hirpara, Specialist Orthopaedic Surgeon Last reviewed
What you're feeling
A lump on your hand, wrist or finger is often a ganglion. That is a fluid-filled sac that grows near a joint or tendon. It can feel firm or spongy, and it may change size. Some lumps are not ganglions. They can be a nodule in the palm that pulls a finger towards it, or a tender spot at the base of a finger that catches when you bend it.
Where the lump sits shapes what you feel. A lump on the back of the wrist often shows as a smooth bump that aches when you bend your wrist back, lean on your hand to push up from a chair, or grip a heavy pan. A lump on the front of the wrist may sit near nerves, so it can be tender when you type, carry shopping bags, or rest your wrist on a desk edge. A lump in the palm or finger can make it hard to flatten your finger, hold a steering wheel, or shake hands.
The ache tends to come and go. It often flares after you have used your hand a lot, and it can settle when you rest. Some people notice the lump more first thing in the morning, when the hand feels stiff. Night-time aching is less common but can happen if the lump presses on a nerve. Daily tasks that need a firm grip, such as opening jars, turning keys or wringing out a cloth, may become awkward or sore.
In children, these lumps behave differently. They are usually found on the front of the wrist rather than the back. Many go away on their own within 12 to 18 months, so watching and waiting is often the first step.
You do not need to guess what your lump is. A close examination of your hand and wrist can usually tell the difference between a ganglion, a trigger finger and a Dupuytren's nodule, which is a thickening in the palm's connective tissue.
What's actually happening
Most of these lumps are ganglions. A joint is lined by a thin capsule that holds fluid to keep it moving smoothly, a bit like a sealed gasket around a hinge. Sometimes a small balloon of that fluid pushes out through a weak spot in the capsule and forms a lump. That balloon is the ganglion. It is attached to the joint or to the tendon sheath, which is the tunnel a tendon slides through as your finger bends.
The lump itself is harmless fluid, but where it sits explains what you feel. On the back of the wrist it can press on nearby structures when you bend your wrist back or lean on your hand. On the front of the wrist it can sit close to nerves, so typing or carrying shopping can make it tender. A lump in the palm or finger can tug on the tendon as it slides, which is why a finger may catch or be hard to flatten.
Not every lump is a ganglion. A Dupuytren's nodule is a knot of thickened tissue in the palm's connective tissue, the web of fibres that anchors skin to the deeper structures. As it tightens, it pulls the finger towards the palm. A trigger finger comes from the tendon catching as it glides through its tunnel, so the finger clicks or locks when you bend it.
In children under 10, these lumps are usually found on the front of the wrist. Many shrink and disappear on their own within 12 to 18 months, which is why watching and waiting is often the first step rather than surgery.
Whatever the lump is, the cause is local to that spot. It is not a sign of disease elsewhere in your body, and a close examination can usually sort out which type you have.
What to expect
Many ganglions change over time. Some shrink, some settle for a while and then come back, and a few stay much the same. The ache often comes and goes with how much you use your hand, so good days and sore days are normal.
In children under 10, the outlook is often simpler. Ganglions in the hand go away more often than wrist ganglions, and most childhood ganglions sit on the front of the wrist. Between 69% and 79% of those shrink and disappear on their own within 12 to 18 months. That is why watching and waiting is often the first step for a child, rather than surgery.
For adults, a ganglion may persist or keep returning even after it has been drained. Draining the fluid can help, and having it done at least once before any surgery is a common pathway. If the lump does come back after an operation, it can be more painful than it was before, so it is worth raising any worries you have about pain with your surgeon beforehand.
If surgery is needed, most people recover over weeks to months. Your hand may be stiff and achy at first, and gentle movement guided by your physiotherapist helps it loosen up. Some surgeons ask you to rest the wrist for a short time after a ganglion is removed, and some do not, so you may be given different advice about this.
A few less common lumps have their own pattern. Some rare growths in the fingertip need a wider removal to stop them coming back, and some can return if only part of the lump is taken out. Other fatty or benign growths in the hand usually do not return once they are removed, and removing a large one can relieve symptoms such as numbness and tingling caused by pressure on a nerve.
In rare cases where a growth in the wrist bone needs a large piece of bone removed, the wrist can be stiffened and rebuilt with a bone graft. Over many years, some people with this type of reconstruction have complications, so it is a big decision made together with your surgeon.
Evidence & references
This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.
Overview
Differential Diagnosis and Physical Examination
- A detailed physical examination of the MCP region of the affected digit can distinguish between a flexor sheath ganglion, trigger digit, and Dupuytren's nodule [1].
- Trigger finger is the common term for stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor tendons with mechanical impingement of the flexor tendons at the A1 pulley [48].
- Physical examination findings for trigger finger may include tenderness to palpation of the flexor tendon at the level of the A1 pulley [48].
- Physical examination findings for trigger finger may include palpable triggering or pain with flexion and extension of the finger [48].
- Physical examination findings for trigger finger may include nodularity of the flexor tendon just proximal to the A1 pulley [48].
- Physical examination findings for trigger finger may include the presence of a volar retinacular ganglion cyst between the A1 and A2 pulleys [48].
- Physical examination findings for trigger finger may include the presence of a fixed flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint [48].
- The Green classification for trigger finger includes Grade I (pain over the A1 pulley), Grade II (mechanical catching without locking), Grade III (mechanical locking passively correctable), and Grade IV (fixed locked finger) [48].
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Trigger finger occurs in 2% to 3% of the general population, with women more commonly affected than men [48].
- Trigger finger is more common in patients with systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and septic tenosynovitis [48].
- In patients with diabetes mellitus, the lifetime incidence of trigger finger is 10% to 20% [48].
- Gout can present with marked pain, erythema, swelling, and warmth that mimics infectious tenosynovitis, with definitive diagnosis made by tenosynovial aspiration or biopsy showing negatively birefringent urate crystals [48].
- Calcific tendinitis involves calcium salt deposition in the tenosynovium that can result in triggering, affecting males five times more frequently than females [48].
- Pseudogout involves calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition often localized to the triangular fibrocartilage or within the carpal tunnel, with pathology revealing rhomboid-shaped crystals with positive birefringence [48].
- Amyloidosis is characterized by the deposition of beta-2-microglobulin in thick, plaque-like accumulations along the flexor tendons, most commonly seen in patients with renal failure undergoing dialysis [48].
Pediatric Ganglions
- In children aged <10 years, ganglions mainly occur on the volar wrist and can be treated expectantly [3].
- In children aged <10 years, 69% to 79% of ganglions display spontaneous regression within a span of 12-18 months [3].
- Pediatric ganglions of the hand have a greater rate of resolution than ganglions of the wrist [5].
Dorsal Wrist Ganglions
- Performing at least 1 aspiration before surgical excision improves the cost-effectiveness of dorsal wrist ganglion treatment, as patient preferences may preclude routinely performing 2 aspirations [2].
- Hand surgeons are divided regarding the need to immobilize the wrist after dorsal wrist ganglion excision [4].
- Routine midcarpal joint exploration during arthroscopic excision of dorsal wrist ganglions appeared to reduce recurrence at 1 year without negatively impacting patient outcomes [6].
- Open surgery continues to be an ineffective way of managing cystic soft tumours of the dorsal aspect of the wrist due to high recurrence rates [7].
- Higher postoperative pain intensity following dorsal wrist ganglion excision was associated with recurrence following previous surgery, treatment of the dominant hand, higher baseline pain intensity, lower credibility the patient attributes to the treatment, and longer symptom duration [8].
Volar Wrist Ganglions
- Operation-related complications after arthroscopic volar wrist ganglionectomy are associated with the anatomical location of the ganglion being distal to the bifurcation of the radial artery and concurrently penetrated up to the superficial fascia layer [23].
Rare Tumors and Lesions
- Giant cell tumors of the distal phalanx are extremely rare and require extensive en bloc excision to prevent local recurrence, as digit-sparing operations may fail to eradicate all tumor foci [9].
- Giant spindle cell lipoma of the finger is a rare variant of giant lipoma reported due to its unusual location [10].
- Marginal excision appears to result in a good outcome with no recurrence at short- to medium-term follow-up for parosteal lipomas of the phalanges [11].
- Both curettage and resection/amputation are acceptable treatment options for giant cell tumour of bone in the hand, with treatment decisions individualized based on site and extent of disease to minimize morbidity while maximizing disease control [14].
- Resection followed by wrist arthrodesis and structural iliac bone graft for giant cell tumor of the distal radius achieved satisfactory oncologic and functional results, with one-third of all patients experiencing some complications at a minimum of 10 years of follow-up [15].
- Wrist arthrodesis with iliac crest bone graft is a feasible and functionally acceptable reconstructive alternative after extensive distal radius resection for giant cell tumor of bone [22].
- Surgical excision of a large angiolipoma of the hand causing carpal tunnel syndrome led to the treatment of all symptoms and a successful outcome [13].
Anatomical Variations
- Awareness of anatomic variations such as a persistent median artery with a reversed palmaris longus and volar ganglion is valuable for surgeons operating on the upper extremity [12].
Background & Causes
- A detailed physical examination of the MCP region can distinguish between a flexor sheath ganglion, trigger digit, and Dupuytren's nodule [1].
- In children aged <10 years, ganglions mainly occur on the volar wrist [3].
- Cystic soft tissue tumours of the dorsal aspect of the wrist have two distinct histological subtypes [7].
- Giant cell tumors of the distal phalanx are extremely rare [9].
- Giant spindle cell lipoma involving a finger is a rare variant of giant lipoma reported due to its unusual location [10].
- Parosteal lipomas of the phalanges are a cause of lumps in the hand [11].
- Anatomic variations such as a persistent median artery with a reversed palmaris longus and volar ganglion are relevant for surgeons operating on the upper extremity [12].
- Large angiolipoma of the hand can be a cause for carpal tunnel syndrome [13].
- Giant cell tumour of bone in the hand is a rare condition [14].
- A careful history suggests the correct diagnosis in approximately 90% of patients with hand problems [25].
- The anatomical location of a volar wrist ganglion distal to the bifurcation of the radial artery and concurrently penetrated up to the superficial fascia layer is a risk factor for operation-related complications after arthroscopic ganglionectomy [23].
- Tendon sheath giant cell tumours have a high-risk group that exhibits a higher incidence of recurrence [32].
Symptoms & Presentation
- Distinguishing between a flexor sheath ganglion, trigger digit, and Dupuytren's may be accomplished with a detailed physical examination of the MCP region of the affected digit [1].
- Higher postoperative pain intensity was associated with recurrence following previous surgery, treatment of the dominant hand, higher baseline pain intensity, lower credibility the patient attributes to the treatment and longer symptom duration [8].
- The case is reported due to the unusual location of a rare variant of giant lipoma involving a finger [10].
- Awareness of such anatomic variations is valuable for surgeons operating on the upper extremity [12].
- With surgical excision, all symptoms were treated leading to a successful outcome [13].
- The operation-related complications after arthroscopic volar wrist ganglionectomy are associated with its anatomical location: distal to the bifurcation of the radial artery and concurrently penetrated up to the superficial fascia layer [23].
Management
Diagnostic Assessment
- The natural inclination to study radiographs or special imaging studies prior to a thorough history and physical examination should be avoided to prevent cognitive bias [43].
- Palpation for areas of maximal tenderness is one of the most useful tools in the diagnosis of wrist pathology, especially in patients with chronic dysfunctions [43].
- A thorough set of provocative maneuvers should be performed to rule out alternative or concurrent diagnoses [43].
- Bilateral grip and pinch strength are useful to uncover underlying pathology in chronic cases [43].
Dorsal Wrist Ganglions
- Performing at least 1 aspiration before surgical excision improves the cost-effectiveness of dorsal wrist ganglion treatment [2].
- Patients who received steroids at the time of aspiration perceived lower rates of recurrence [17].
- Arthroscopic resection is an effective treatment strategy for intra-articular synovial ganglions refractory to conservative measures, providing complete resolution of symptoms and functional recovery with minimal soft tissue damage [52].
Pediatric Ganglions
- In children aged <10 years, ganglions mainly occur on the volar wrist and can be treated expectantly, with 69% to 79% displaying spontaneous regression within a span of 12-18 months [3].
Carpal Boss
- Dorsal wrist ganglions can be confused with carpal bosses, which are osteoarthritic spurs or prominences that develop at the base of the second or third carpometacarpal joints [42].
- A small ganglion is associated with a carpal boss in 30% of cases [42].
- Every effort should be made to treat the carpal boss nonoperatively using splinting, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications, and ultrasound-guided cortisone injections prior to proceeding with surgery [42].
Giant Cell Tumors
- Both curettage and resection/amputation are acceptable treatment options for giant cell tumour of bone in the hand, with a need to individualize treatment decisions based on the site and extent of disease to minimize treatment morbidity while maximizing disease control [14].
- Resection followed by wrist arthrodesis and structural iliac bone graft achieved satisfactory oncologic and functional results, albeit with one-third of all patients experiencing some complications at a minimum of 10 years of follow-up [15].
- Wrist reconstruction using a free vascularized fibular head graft after intralesional excision can help prevent local tumor recurrence, restore the articular surface, and maintain movements of the wrist joint in patients with Campanacci grade 3 giant cell tumors involving the articular surface of the distal radius [30].
Other Soft Tissue Tumors
- With surgical excision, all symptoms were treated leading to a successful outcome for a large angiolipoma of the hand causing carpal tunnel syndrome [13].
- The tumor was treated with excision and showed no sign of recurrence at the 1-year postoperative examination for an osteochondrolipoma of the hand [24].
- Complete excision is recommended for atypical pleomorphic lipomatous tumors; in one case, it required ray amputation and complex reconstruction due to infiltrative growth, resulting in excellent hand function and no recurrence at 14 months [29].
Osteoid Osteoma
- Treatment of osteoid osteoma in the hand or carpus has consisted of surgical excision with either curettage of the nidus or en bloc excision [45].
- Persistence of the lesion has been reported if the nidus is not completely excised [45].
- Successful use of percutaneous CT-guided laser photoagulation has been reported for osteoid osteoma [45].
- Radiofrequency ablation may be considered for carefully selected lesions that are not subcutaneous or near major nerves [45].
- Prolonged use of NSAIDs may be an alternative to surgical treatment if the clinical and radiographic findings are strongly supportive of a diagnosis of osteoid osteoma and excision or biopsy of the lesion might produce excessive morbidity [45].
Rheumatoid Tenosynovitis
- Conservative management in rheumatoid tenosynovitis of the hand and wrist requires rheumatologic support for systemic pharmacologic management [34].
- Splinting has an adjunctive role to relieve pain in rheumatoid tenosynovitis [34].
- Targeted injection into the tenosynovial inflammation is more effective than the administration of systemic corticosteroids for isolated tenosynovitis [34].
- Surgical treatment for tenosynovitis is to remove the inflamed tenosynovium while preserving normal structures [34].
- Persistent swelling at the dorsum of the wrist that continues for 6 weeks or longer despite adequate medical treatment may be an indication for a dorsal synovectomy [36].
- Dorsal synovectomy of the wrist may be considered a prophylactic measure to avoid extensor tendon rupture [36].
- If hypertrophy of the tenosynovium on the volar aspect of the wrist is obvious clinically with or without symptoms of compression of the median nerve, a palmar (flexor) tenosynovectomy may be useful in relieving pain and in preventing rupture of tendons [36].
Malignant Tumors
- Malignancies of the proximal palmar surface of the hand and volar aspect of the wrist often require amputation [46].
- Tumors that arise on the dorsum may allow preservation of the hand if staging studies show that the lesion has not penetrated into the palm and the excision margin verifies a safe plane of normal tissue [46].
- Growths on the volar aspect of the distal part of the forearm must be widely excised with negative margins [46].
- Wherever a tumor is located, treatment must be individualized to achieve the goal of functional restoration without risking local recurrence and later distant spread [46].
General Principles
- The management decision for unicameral bone cysts should be individually guided within the patient’s context [53].
Key Considerations
Diagnosis and Differential
Pediatric Considerations
Non-Operative Management
Operative Management
- Open surgery is suggested to be an ineffective way of managing cystic soft tumours of the dorsal aspect of the wrist due to high recurrence rates [7].
- Giant cell tumors of the distal phalanx require extensive en bloc excision to prevent local recurrence, as digit-sparing operations may fail to eradicate all tumor foci [9].
Prognostic Factors and Complications
Key Evidence
- [L4] Distinguishing between a flexor sheath ganglion, trigger digit, and Dupuytren's may be accomplished with a detailed physical examination of the MCP region of the affected digit. [1] (10.1177/15589447221109644)
- [L2] As patient preferences may preclude routinely performing 2 aspirations, performing at least 1 aspiration before surgical excision improves the cost-effectiveness of dorsal wrist ganglions treatment. [2] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.09.002)
- [L4] In children aged <10 years, ganglions mainly occur on the volar wrist and can be treated expectantly, with 69% to 79% displaying spontaneous regression within a span of 12-18 months. [3] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.12.015)
- [L2] The systematic review and survey of Canadian hand surgeons reveal that hand surgeons are divided regarding the need to immobilize the wrist after dorsal wrist ganglion excision. [4] (10.1177/15589447211014631)
- [L4] Pediatric ganglions of the hand have a greater rate of resolution than ganglions of the wrist. [5] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.07.002)
- [L3] Routine midcarpal joint exploration during arthroscopic excision of dorsal wrist ganglions appeared to reduce recurrence at 1 year without negatively impacting patient outcomes. [6] (10.1177/17531934251405730)
- [L4] The authors suggest that open surgery continues to be an ineffective way of managing cystic soft tumours of the dorsal aspect of the wrist due to high recurrence rates. [7] (10.1177/17531934241251721)
- [L2] Higher postoperative pain intensity was associated with recurrence following previous surgery, treatment of the dominant hand, higher baseline pain intensity, lower credibility the patient attributes to the treatment and longer symptom duration. [8] (10.1177/17531934231153029)
- [L4] Giant cell tumors of the distal phalanx are extremely rare and require extensive en bloc excision to prevent local recurrence, as digit-sparing operations may fail to eradicate all tumor foci. [9] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.04.005)
- [Case_report] The case is reported due to the unusual location of a rare variant of giant lipoma involving a finger. [10] (10.1055/s-0040-1721879)
- [L4] Marginal excision appears to result in a good outcome with no recurrence at short- to medium-term follow-up for parosteal lipomas of the phalanges. [11] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.10.029)
- [L4] Awareness of such anatomic variations is valuable for surgeons operating on the upper extremity. [12] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.04.005)
- [L4] With surgical excision, all symptoms were treated leading to a successful outcome. [13] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.05.006)
- [L4] Both curettage and resection/amputation are acceptable treatment options for the rare condition of giant cell tumour of bone in the hand, with a need to individualize treatment decisions based on the site and extent of disease to minimize treatment morbidity while maximizing disease control. [14] (10.1177/17531934211007820)
- [L2] Resection followed by wrist arthrodesis and structural iliac bone graft achieved satisfactory oncologic and functional results, albeit with one-third of all patients experiencing some complications at a minimum of 10 years of follow-up. [15] (10.1097/corr.0000000000003738)
- [L3] Patients who received steroids at the time of aspiration perceived lower rates of recurrence. [17] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.06.007)
- [Paper] This CORR Insights® is a commentary on a study by Li et al. and does not present original data; it highlights the long-term feasibility and functional acceptability of wrist arthrodesis with iliac crest bone graft as a reconstructive alternative after extensive distal radius resection. [22] (10.1097/corr.0000000000003816)
- [L3] The operation-related complications after arthroscopic volar wrist ganglionectomy are associated with its anatomical location: distal to the bifurcation of the radial artery and concurrently penetrated up to the superficial fascia layer. [23] (10.1186/s12891-025-08766-x)
- [L4] The tumor was treated with excision and showed no sign of recurrence at the 1-year postoperative examination. [24] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.05.024)
- [L4] Complete excision is recommended for atypical pleomorphic lipomatous tumors; in this case, it required ray amputation and complex reconstruction due to infiltrative growth, resulting in excellent hand function and no recurrence at 14 months. [29] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.04.015)
- [L4] Wrist reconstruction using a free vascularized fibular head graft after intralesional excision can help prevent local tumor recurrence, restore the articular surface, and maintain movements of the wrist joint in patients with Campanacci grade 3 giant cell tumors involving the articular surface of the distal radius. [30] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.09.036)
- [L4] The high-risk group exhibited a higher incidence of recurrence. [32] (10.1177/17531934231222401)
- [L4] Arthroscopic resection is an effective treatment strategy for intra-articular synovial ganglions refractory to conservative measures, providing complete resolution of symptoms and functional recovery with minimal soft tissue damage. [52] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.05.007)
- [L3] The management decision should be individually guided within the patient’s context. [53] (10.2106/jbjs.rvw.23.00159)
References
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[2] Minimizing Costs for Dorsal Wrist Ganglion Treatment: A Cost-Minimization Analysis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.09.002
[3] Pediatric Ganglions of the Hand and Wrist: A Review of Current Literature. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.12.015
[4] Immobilization of the Wrist After Dorsal Wrist Ganglion Excision: A Systematic Review and Survey of Current Practice. HAND. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/15589447211014631
[5] Natural History of Pediatric Hand and Wrist Ganglion Cysts: Longitudinal Follow-Up of a Prospective, Dual-Center Cohort. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.07.002
[6] Arthroscopic resection of dorsal wrist ganglions with or without midcarpal exploration. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251405730
[7] Cystic soft tissue tumours of the dorsal aspect of the wrist have two distinct histological subtypes. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2024. DOI: 10.1177/17531934241251721
[8] Factors associated with self-reported pain and hand function following dorsal wrist ganglion excision. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2023. DOI: 10.1177/17531934231153029
[9] Giant Cell Tumor of the Ring Finger Distal Phalanx. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.04.005
[10] Giant Spindle Cell Lipoma of Middle Finger: Case Report and Review of Literature. Journal of Hand and Microsurgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721879
[11] Parosteal Lipoma of the Proximal Phalanx of Hand. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.10.029
[12] Persistent Median Artery With a Reversed Palmaris Longus and Volar Ganglion. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.04.005
[13] Large Angiolipoma of the Hand as a Cause for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.05.006
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[17] No Difference in Reintervention at 1-Year Between Ultrasound-Guided versus Blind Dorsal Carpal Ganglion Aspiration. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.06.007
[22] CORR Insights®: What Are the Long-term Outcomes of Wrist Arthrodesis Using Structural Iliac Bone Graft After Resection of the Distal Radius for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone? A Minimum 10-year Follow-up. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003816
[23] Anatomical location of volar wrist ganglion in preoperative MRI is a risk factor for operation-related complications after arthroscopic ganglionectomy. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08766-x
[24] Osteochondrolipoma of the Hand. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.05.024
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[29] Atypical Pleomorphic Lipomatous Tumor of the Right Hand Mimicing Venous Malformation. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.04.015
[30] Wrist Reconstruction Using Free Vascularized Fibular Head Graft Following Intralesional Excision for Campanacci Grade 3 Giant Cell Tumors Involving the Articular Surface of the Distal Radius. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.09.036
[32] The effect of surgical factors on recurrence of tendon sheath giant cell tumours. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2024. DOI: 10.1177/17531934231222401
[34] Green S Operative Hand Surgery. PROLIFERATIVE TENOSYNOVITIS > Rheumatoid Arthritis.
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[48] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Tendinopathy of the Hand and Wrist* > II. Trigger Finger.
[52] Intra-articular Synovial Ganglion of the Wrist. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.05.007
[53] Treatment and Outcomes of 4,973 Unicameral Bone Cysts. JBJS Reviews. 2024. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.23.00159
