Shoulder Clicking, Popping and Instability Info In-depth Evidence
Reviewed by Dr Kieran Hirpara, Specialist Orthopaedic Surgeon Last reviewed
What you're feeling
You may notice clicking, popping, or a grinding sensation in your shoulder. This often happens when the joint feels loose or unstable. The sound might come from the front or back of the shoulder, depending on which way it slips. You might feel a sudden shift or a "slipping" sensation when you move your arm.
Pain usually follows these episodes. It can feel deep inside the joint or spread down your upper arm. You may feel sharp pain when you lift your arm overhead or reach behind your back. Simple tasks like putting on a jacket, reaching for a seatbelt, or lifting a grocery bag can become difficult. Your shoulder might feel weak or like it might give way during these movements.
Symptoms often flare after activity. You might feel soreness the next morning or after sleeping in certain positions. Night pain is common if you sleep on the affected side. The discomfort can make it hard to find a comfortable resting position. You may also feel stiffness after keeping your arm still for a long time, such as during a long drive or at a desk.
In some cases, the shoulder dislocates completely. This is a sudden, painful event where the ball of the upper arm bone pops out of the socket. It can happen during sports or after a fall. Even if it pops back in on its own, the area may remain swollen and tender for days. You might feel anxious about using that arm again, fearing another slip.
If you have multidirectional instability, the shoulder may feel loose in multiple directions. You might notice clicking when raising your arm to the side or behind you. This can affect daily activities like washing your hair or reaching for items on a high shelf. The feeling of instability can be frustrating and limiting.
We understand that these symptoms can disrupt your daily life. A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor in determining the cause of your symptoms. We will look at your specific movement patterns and stability to guide your treatment.
What's actually happening
Your shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint. The ball sits in a shallow cup. A ring of cartilage, called the labrum, lines that cup. Think of the labrum like a gasket or a shock absorber. It deepens the socket. This helps keep the ball centered. It minimizes the gap between the ball and the socket. Without it, the joint is loose.
Clicking or popping often means this gasket is damaged. The labrum may tear. This happens when the shoulder dislocates. The ball slips out of place. It can also happen from wear and tear. When the labrum is injured, it cannot hold the ball securely. The joint becomes unstable. You might feel a catch or a pop. This is the ball shifting in the socket.
Sometimes, the problem is not just the soft tissue. The bone itself may be worn down. The socket can become too shallow. The labrum cannot compensate for this loss of bone depth. The joint loses its natural shape. This makes instability more likely. You may feel like the shoulder is slipping again.
In some cases, the ligaments that hold the shoulder together are torn. These are like strong ropes. If they detach from the bone, the shoulder loses support. This can happen after a dislocation. It can also happen with repeated injuries. The shoulder feels loose and unpredictable.
Your surgeon will examine your shoulder closely. They will check how stable it is. Imaging helps, but the physical exam is key. It shows what is actually moving wrong. This guides the treatment plan. The goal is to restore stability. This stops the clicking and popping. It helps you use your shoulder safely again.
What we can do about it
At Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, Dr Kieran Hirpara approaches shoulder instability by matching the treatment to the cause of your symptoms. We start with the least invasive options and move to surgery only when necessary. Your journey begins with a clear diagnosis based on your history, examination, and imaging.
For many patients, especially those with first-time or mild instability, self-management and physiotherapy are the best first step. You can try changing activities that trigger clicking or popping. A physiotherapist will guide you through exercises to strengthen the muscles around your shoulder blade and arm. This helps stabilize the joint and improves your range of motion. We usually recommend giving this approach at least several weeks to show results. For military personnel or athletes with recurrent dislocations, combining kinesio taping with conventional rehabilitation can lead to significant improvements in function compared to exercise alone.
If pain persists, medical management can help control symptoms. Your surgeon may discuss pain medication or anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce swelling and discomfort. In some cases, we consider injections. Cortisone injections can calm inflammation for a few weeks to months, helping you participate in therapy. Hyaluronic acid or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections are sometimes used to support joint health, though their long-term effects vary. These options do not fix structural damage but can make daily life more comfortable while your body heals or while you build strength.
Surgery is considered when conservative care has not given enough improvement, or if you have a structural problem like a large bone loss or recurrent dislocations that affect your quality of life. For acute injuries with significant bone damage, we may recommend surgery sooner rather than later. The operation aims to repair torn ligaments or restore bone structure to prevent the shoulder from slipping out of place. We discuss the specific surgical plan with you based on your unique anatomy and goals. For example, arthroscopic Bankart repair is common for anterior instability, while bone block procedures may be needed for severe bone loss. We view this as a shared decision, weighing the risks and benefits to help you return to the activities you love.
What to expect
Your shoulder symptoms often come and go. Many people find that their shoulder feels unstable or clicks during certain movements. For some, this settles with rest and careful movement. For others, the feeling of slipping or catching persists. If you have had a first-time dislocation, your surgeon may suggest non-surgical care first, especially if you are active in sports. This approach helps you stay in the game while your shoulder heals.
If surgery is needed, the outlook depends on the type of damage. For common front-of-shoulder instability, both keyhole (arthroscopic) and open surgery offer similar results in preventing future dislocations. However, if you have significant bone loss or specific types of bone dents, keyhole repair alone may not be enough. In these cases, the risk of the shoulder slipping again is high. This can lead to poorer long-term satisfaction over ten years. Your surgeon will look at your age, the shape of the tear, and its location to predict your risk of recurrence.
For complex cases, such as multidirectional instability or connective tissue conditions like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, specialised procedures using tissue grafts can provide stability and improve function. In severe, end-stage cases where the joint is worn out, options like joint fusion or reverse replacement are available. These are considered when other treatments have failed.
Recovery is a gradual process. You will likely feel stiffness and soreness for several weeks. Physical therapy is essential to regain strength and control. While many patients return to their daily activities and sports, the timeline varies. Some factors, like the specific injury pattern or previous surgeries, can influence how quickly you recover. It is important to have realistic expectations. Not every shoulder returns to its pre-injury state immediately, and some people may continue to experience occasional clicking or popping even after successful treatment. Your surgeon will guide you through each stage to ensure the best possible outcome for your specific situation.
When to see someone
See your GP if your shoulder pain does not improve with rest. Ask for a specialist review if you feel weakness, instability, or if the joint locks or gives way. Symptoms that interfere with sleep or work also warrant a check-up. Sudden worsening needs attention. A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor in deciding if surgery is needed for your shoulder instability. Early recognition helps ensure the best functional outcome. Do not ignore persistent clicking or popping if it affects your daily life.
Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)
This section goes further than you need for your own treatment decisions. Clicking and popping in the shoulder is worth the extra reading because it is a symptom rather than a diagnosis — and because the single most useful thing to establish is whether the noise comes with a sense that the joint is moving where it should not.
Noise on its own is usually not the problem
A shoulder that clicks, snaps or grinds without pain, without weakness and without a feeling of giving way is common and generally does not indicate damage. Tendons move over bony ridges, the capsule folds and unfolds, and gas can move within the joint fluid. None of that requires treatment.
The reason this matters is that a noise is alarming out of proportion to its significance, and imaging a painless clicking shoulder will frequently find something — an age-typical labral fray, a partial cuff change — that then gets blamed for it. The rotator cuff literature makes this concrete: cuff abnormalities are common enough in people without symptoms to be considered a feature of normal ageing, which makes it genuinely difficult to know whether a finding is new or causative [1].
The question that separates the groups
What changes the assessment is whether the noise is accompanied by a sense of the joint shifting, slipping or giving way — apprehension when the arm is raised and rotated outwards, an episode of the shoulder coming out, or a persistent feeling of looseness.
That combination points towards instability, which is a structural problem with its own evidence, its own decision points and its own treatments — the balance of bone loss against soft tissue, whether a Hill-Sachs lesion engages, and the choice between repair, remplissage and bone transfer. Those are covered in depth on the shoulder instability page rather than repeated here.
The second combination worth recognising is noise with true weakness or visible wasting, which points away from the joint surface entirely and towards the rotator cuff or a nerve problem.
Why painless clicking after a stabilisation is different again
If you have had instability surgery, a shoulder that clicks is a common source of worry. Worth knowing: arthritic change following arthroscopic Bankart repair is present in 60% of shoulders for any change and 28% for moderate-to-severe change — and it is generally asymptomatic, with no significant correlation identified with the established risk factors [2].
So a mechanical noise in a previously stabilised shoulder, without instability symptoms, is more often a reflection of a joint that has been through something than a sign of failure.
What is actually worth reporting
Three features change the assessment and are worth mentioning specifically: a sense of the joint moving or giving way; genuine weakness rather than pain-limited effort; and locking or catching that physically blocks movement rather than merely making a sound.
Clicking without any of those, in a shoulder that works, is the situation in which the most useful intervention is an explanation rather than an investigation.
References for the advanced reading
- Teunis T, Lubberts B, Reilly BT, Ring D. A systematic review and pooled analysis of the prevalence of rotator cuff disease with increasing age. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23(12):1913-21.
- Yeo MH, Seah SJ, Ang G, Arce G, Lie D. Prevalence and risk factors for the development of glenohumeral osteoarthritis following arthroscopic Bankart repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2025;34(12):e1224-e1233.
Evidence & references
This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.
Overview
- Coracoid morphology differs significantly in patients undergoing posterior shoulder stabilization compared to patients undergoing surgery for anterior instability or a comparison cohort [1].
- NHL team physicians strongly favor nonoperative management in-season for initial posterior instability events of the shoulder [2].
- Contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between arthroscopic and open Bankart repair approaches, whereas historical differences were driven primarily by earlier studies [3].
- Rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability were high following isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss [4].
- High rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability following isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss were associated with inferior PROs at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
- There is no difference in outcomes for posterior shoulder instability surgery in patients with a normal vs. pathological radiologist reported magnetic resonance arthrogram study [5].
- A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor when determining indication for shoulder instability surgery [5].
- Open capsular shift with Achilles allograft augmentation demonstrated low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in patients with multidirectional shoulder instability, including those with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [6].
- Reverse shoulder arthroplasty and glenohumeral arthrodesis are viable options in treating end-stage recurrent shoulder instability [7].
- Arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations typically results in favorable clinical outcomes [9].
- The likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain following arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations [9].
- The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results in the stabilization of recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery [10].
- The modified Kouvalchouk procedure offers the advantage of local harvesting of a bone block and a potential sling effect [10].
- Spin is highly prevalent in abstracts of systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating free bone block procedures for glenohumeral instability [11].
Anatomy & Pathophysiology
- Labral morphology does not compensate for reduced bony glenoid concavity in clinically stable shoulders [17].
- The labrum contributes significantly to joint depth and creates a more congruent joint by minimizing differences between humerus and glenoid radius of curvature (ROC) [21].
- Healthy young adults exhibit deeper, thicker, and taller glenoid labrum morphology at the 12 o'clock position [21].
- Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations with reverse Hill-Sachs lesions are uncommon and prone to misdiagnosis [12].
- Traumatic posterior shoulder dislocation can occur in association with a posterior acromion fracture [8].
- Posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) can be present in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations [9].
- Acute anterior shoulder dislocation carries a risk of subsequent rotator cuff tear (RCT), for which risk prediction models exist [22].
Classification
- Recurrent anterior shoulder instability following isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss was associated with inferior patient-reported outcomes at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
- There is no difference in outcomes for posterior shoulder instability surgery in patients with a normal versus pathological radiologist-reported magnetic resonance arthrogram study [5].
- Open capsular shift with Achilles allograft augmentation demonstrates low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in high-risk patients with multidirectional shoulder instability, including those with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [6].
- The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results in stabilizing recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery [10].
- Younger surgeons are more likely to incorporate the glenoid track concept into their decision-making for first-time anterior shoulder dislocation compared to older counterparts [13].
- The Instability Severity Index Score and the Hill-Sachs interval-to-glenoid track ratio composite score showed good predictive performance for recurrence after arthroscopic Bankart repair [14].
Clinical Presentation
- Contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between arthroscopic and open Bankart repair approaches, whereas historical differences were driven by earlier studies [3].
- A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor when determining the indication for shoulder instability surgery [5].
- Reverse shoulder arthroplasty and glenohumeral arthrodesis are viable options for treating end-stage recurrent shoulder instability [7].
- The likelihood of returning to sports after arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations remains uncertain [9].
- The modified Kouvalchouk procedure allows for local harvesting of a bone block and offers a potential sling effect [10].
- Early recognition and tailored treatment strategies are essential for satisfactory functional outcomes in bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations with reverse Hill-Sachs lesions [12].
- Younger surgeons are more likely to incorporate the glenoid track concept into their decision-making for managing a first-time anterior shoulder dislocation compared to older counterparts [13].
- Similar return-to-play rates are seen with open versus arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization in contact and collision athletes [15].
- Age, labral lesion type, and lesion location are key risk factors for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up [16].
Investigations
- A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor when determining indication for shoulder instability surgery, with no difference in outcomes for posterior shoulder instability surgery in patients with a normal vs. pathological radiologist-reported magnetic resonance arthrogram study [5].
Treatment
- Kinesio taping combined with conventional rehabilitation leads to more significant improvements in shoulder range of motion and functional scores compared to conventional rehabilitation alone in military personnel with recurrent shoulder dislocation caused by training injury [18].
- Arthroscopic Bankart repair (ABR) for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss is associated with high rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability and inferior patient-reported outcomes at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
- The Instability Severity Index Score and the Hill-Sachs interval-to-glenoid track ratio composite score show good predictive performance for recurrence after ABR in patients with <20% glenoid bone loss [14].
- Contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between arthroscopic and open Bankart repair approaches for anterior shoulder instability, whereas historical differences were driven by earlier studies [3].
- Return-to-play rates are similar between open and arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization in contact and collision athletes [15].
- Arthroscopic distal tibial allograft reconstruction with suture button fixation and capsulolabral repair for traumatic anterior shoulder instability yields high rates of graft union and improves clinical outcomes at 2 years [19].
- Arthroscopic bone block using an autologous iliac crest graft with concomitant remplissage results in a favorable outcome for a young patient with extensive sporting activity and severe bipolar bone loss [20].
- The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results in stabilizing recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery, offering the advantages of local bone block harvesting and a potential sling effect [10].
- Arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations typically results in favorable clinical outcomes, though the likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain [9].
Complications
- High rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability following isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss were associated with inferior patient-reported outcomes at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
- Open capsular shift with Achilles allograft augmentation for multidirectional shoulder instability demonstrated low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [6].
Recovery
- Contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between arthroscopic and open Bankart repair approaches [3].
- Isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss is associated with high rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability [4].
- Isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for on-track Hill-Sachs lesions with <20% glenoid bone loss is associated with inferior patient-reported outcomes at mean 10-year follow-up [4].
- Open capsular shift with Achilles allograft augmentation demonstrates low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in patients with multidirectional shoulder instability and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [6].
- The likelihood of returning to sports following arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament remains uncertain [9].
- The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results for stabilizing recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery [10].
- The modified Kouvalchouk procedure allows for local harvesting of a bone block [10].
- The modified Kouvalchouk procedure offers a potential sling effect [10].
- The Instability Severity Index Score and the Hill-Sachs interval-to-glenoid track ratio composite score show good predictive performance for recurrence after arthroscopic Bankart repair [14].
- Age is a key risk factor for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up [16].
- Labral lesion type is a key risk factor for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up [16].
- Lesion location is a key risk factor for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up [16].
- Delayed inferior shoulder subluxation can occur secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [24].
- Functional status in cases of delayed inferior shoulder subluxation secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis reflects the expected timeline of neurological reinnervation following C5-C6 plexitis [24].
Key Evidence
- [L3] Coracoid morphology differs significantly in patients undergoing posterior shoulder stabilization when compared to patients undergoing surgery for anterior instability or a comparison cohort. [1] (10.1177/03635465261421534)
- [L4] NHL team physicians strongly favor nonoperative management in-season for initial posterior instability events of the shoulder. [2] (10.1177/23259671261440208)
- [L4] Publication period subgroup analysis suggests that historical instability differences were driven primarily by earlier studies, whereas contemporary studies show comparable instability and functional outcomes between approaches. [3] (10.1177/03635465261443999)
- [L3] Rates of recurrent anterior shoulder instability were high following isolated ABR for on-track HSLs with <20% glenoid bone loss and were associated with inferior PROs at mean 10-year follow-up. [4] (10.1177/23259671261430742)
- [L3] A thorough clinical exam is the most important factor when determining indication for shoulder instability surgery. [5] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100675)
- [L4] The study demonstrated low rates of recurrent instability and improved clinical outcomes in this high-risk population. [6] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.024)
- [L2] TSA and GHA are viable options in treating end-stage recurrent shoulder instability. [7] (10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101429)
- [L4] Two cases document an unusual injury pattern in which a posterior glenohumeral dislocation occurred in association with a (posterior) acromion fracture. [8] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.09.006)
- [L4] While arthroscopic repair of this combination typically results in favorable clinical outcomes, the likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain. [9] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.04.020)
- [L4] The modified Kouvalchouk procedure provides good results in the stabilization of recurrent posterior unstable shoulders in traumatic cases and patients without previous surgery, with the advantage of local harvesting of a bone block and a potential sling effect. [10] (10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101681)
- [L4] Spin is highly prevalent in abstracts of systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating FBB for glenohumeral instability. [11] (10.1177/03635465251338079)
- [L4] Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations with reverse Hill-Sachs lesions are uncommon and prone to misdiagnosis; early recognition and tailored treatment strategies are essential for satisfactory functional outcomes. [12] (10.1186/s12891-026-09537-y)
- [L5] Younger surgeons are more likely to incorporate the glenoid track concept into their decision-making compared to their older counterparts. [13] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.018)
- [L3] The Instability Severity Index Score and the Hill-Sachs interval-to-glenoid track ratio composite score showed good predictive performance for recurrence after ABR. [14] (10.1002/arj.70009)
- [L2] However, similar return‐to‐play rates are seen with either approach. [15] (10.1002/ksa.70263)
- [L4] Age, labral lesion type, and lesion location are key risk factors for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability at a minimum 10-year follow-up. [16] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.03.034)
- [L4] This study demonstrates that labral morphology does not compensate for reduced bony glenoid concavity in clinically stable shoulders. [17] (10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101422)
- [L4] The combined intervention of kinesio taping and conventional rehabilitation led to more significant improvements in shoulder range of motion and functional scores compared to conventional rehabilitation alone. [18] (10.1186/s12891-026-09753-6)
- [L4] Arthroscopic DTA bone block glenoid reconstruction using 2 pairs of suture buttons to treat recurrent traumatic anterior instability with significant bone loss yields improved clinical and acceptable radiological outcomes. [19] (10.1002/arj.70008)
- [Case_report] This case report demonstrates the efficacy of an arthroscopic Bankart with an arthroscopic bone augmentation of the anterior glenoid wall, in conjunction with an additional remplissage procedure, resulting in a favorable outcome for a young patient with extensive sporting activity. [20] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100606)
- [L4] The labrum contributed significantly to the depth and created a more congruent joint by minimizing differences between humerus and glenoid ROC. [21] (10.1002/arj.70221)
- [L3] The findings may assist orthopedic surgeons in identifying patients at high risk for RCT after shoulder dislocation. [22] (10.1186/s12891-026-09550-1)
- [L4] The case suggests that delayed inferior shoulder subluxation can occur secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, with functional status reflecting the expected timeline of neurological reinnervation following C5-C6 plexitis. [24] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100754)
References
[1] Coracoid Morphology and the Risk of Posterior Shoulder Instability: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465261421534
[2] Treatment of Posterior Shoulder Instability in National Hockey League Players: A Survey of NHL Team Physicians. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/23259671261440208
[3] Arthroscopic vs Open Bankart Repair for Anterior Shoulder Instability: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465261443999
[4] Long-Term Outcomes following Instability After Isolated Arthroscopic Bankart Repair for On-Track Hill-Sachs Lesions With <20% Glenoid Bone Loss. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/23259671261430742
[5] No difference in outcomes for posterior shoulder instability surgery in patients with a normal vs. pathological radiologist reported magnetic resonance arthrogram study. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100675
[6] Open Capsular Shift with Achilles Allograft Augmentation for Multidirectional Shoulder Instability: Long-Term Outcomes and Implications for Patients with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.024
[7] A comparison of reverse shoulder arthroplasty and glenohumeral arthrodesis for end-stage shoulder instability. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101429
[8] Traumatic posterior shoulder dislocation with associated acromion fracture: a report of 2 cases. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.09.006
[9] Clinical outcomes following arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.04.020
[10] Modified Kouvalchouk technique for recurrent posterior instability of the shoulder. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101681
[11] Appraisal of the Presence of Spin in Abstracts of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Regarding Free Bone Block Procedures for Glenohumeral Instability. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/03635465251338079
[12] Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations with reverse Hill-Sachs lesions: a report of two cases and a literature review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09537-y
[13] Management of a first time anterior shoulder dislocation: the decision-making process of a surgeon. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.018
[14] Combining Instability Severity Index Score and Hill‐Sachs Interval‐to‐Glenoid Track Ratio Predicts Recurrent Instability After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair in Patients With <20% Glenoid Bone Loss. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70009
[15] Return to play and recurrent instability rates in open versus arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilisation in the contact and collision athlete: A systematic review. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/ksa.70263
[16] Age, labral lesion type, and lesion location are key risk factors for recurrence following arthroscopic labrum repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability: a minimum 10-year follow-up study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.03.034
[17] Labral morphology does not compensate for reduced bony glenoid concavity in stable shoulders. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101422
[18] A retrospective analysis of the promoting effect of kinesio taping on the rehabilitation of military personnel with recurrent shoulder dislocation caused by training injury. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09753-6
[19] Arthroscopic Distal Tibial Allograft Reconstruction With Suture Button Fixation and Capsulolabral Repair for Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability Yields High Rates of Graft Union and Improves Clinical Outcomes at 2 Years. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70008
[20] Arthroscopic bone block using an autologous iliac crest graft and concomitant remplissage for severe bipolar bone loss in a young patient with anterior shoulder instability: a case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100606
[21] In Vivo 3‐Dimensional Glenohumeral Joint Geometry Based Upon Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Analysis Shows Deeper, Thicker, and Taller Glenoid Labrum Morphology at 12 O’Clock Position in Healthy Young Adults. Arthroscopy. 2026. DOI: 10.1002/arj.70221
[22] Development and validation of a risk prediction model for rotator cuff tears following acute anterior shoulder dislocation. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09550-1
[24] Recurrent inferior shoulder subluxation secondary to incidental traumatic plexitis following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100754
