SLAC và SNAC cổ tay

Overview

• Proximal row carpectomy and four-corner fusion with scaphoid bone excision are the most widely used surgical procedures for stage II wrist osteoarthritis secondary to SLAC or SNAC wrist [6].
• Both proximal row carpectomy and four-corner fusion provide improvements in pain and subjective outcome measures for patients with symptomatic and appropriately staged SLAC or SNAC wrists [1].
• Scaphoid excision and four-corner fusion is an increasingly popular treatment option for patients with stage II or III SLAC/SNAC arthritis that preserves wrist motion through the radiolunate and ulnocarpal joints [3].
• Scaphoid excision and four-corner fusion are effective treatments for SLAC and SNAC patterns of wrist arthritis [8].
• For stage II SLAC wrist with a preserved capitolunate joint, proximal row carpectomy is preferred because it is technically less demanding and yields durable results [10].
• The authors prefer proximal row carpectomy for SLAC wrists with preserved capitate head cartilage due to socio-economic benefits, lower complication rates, and procedural ease [46].
• In patients with SLAC/SNAC II, proximal row carpectomy might be favourable to a midcarpal arthrodesis solely based on better flexion-extension range of motion of the radiocarpal joint after proximal row carpectomy [4].
• Wrist denervation is a viable salvage option for patients with symptomatic SLAC wrist osteoarthritis to preserve motion, decrease pain, and increase function with a low absolute failure rate at mid- to long-term follow-up [13].
• Arthroscopic wrist debridement and radial styloidectomy may have advantages in relieving pain while preserving wrist motion for SLAC stage 2 or 3 disease [23].
• It is mostly indicated as a palliative procedure in elderly patients with posttraumatic SNAC or SLAC wrist with limited functional demands [18].
• A second and even a third operation can result in long-term pain improvement, good function and capacity for work, and re-operation is recommended in symptomatic cases with minor osteoarthritis of the wrist (SNAC stage 0 or 1) [11].
• Further data in a larger cohort with longer follow-up is required to determine the effect on SLAC-wrist deterioration [2].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

• Surgical treatments for scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) wrist result in decreased wrist kinematic motion and functional performance compared with individuals with normal wrists [24].
• Lunate morphology affects the 3-dimensional kinematics of the carpus during wrist flexion and extension [25].
• Three-corner fusions produce motion that is smoother and more closely replicates the normal axis and functional motion of the wrist compared with four-corner fusions [26].
• Computed fiber elongations of the dorsal carpal ligaments vary linearly with wrist position [27].
• Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) is a non-invasive and affordable method to assess and quantify wrist kinematics by incorporating the temporal dimension [28].
• During simple unresisted wrist motions, force in the scapholunate interosseous ligament does not exceed 20 N [29].
• Kinematic changes in scapholunate instability may predict the development of radioscaphoid arthritis and help identify a kinematically abnormal wrist [30].
• Scaphoid nonunions have a dramatic impact on carpal kinematics by partially uncoupling the proximal and distal carpal rows [31].
• Dynamic imaging allows for the derivation of standardized protocols for mapping carpal motion that are clinically applicable and reproducible [32].
• Computer-aided CT analysis provides guidelines for measuring and quantifying carpal alignment three-dimensionally and establishes a database for normal values [33].
• More than half the motion of the carpus when the wrist is loaded in extension occurs at the midcarpal joint [34].
• Radioscapholunate fusion shows the most biomechanically similar behavior to the healthy wrist among three compared fusion types [35].
• Contact areas between the scaphoid and distal radius are maximized during full extension of the wrist, which helps stabilize the radiocarpal joint [36].
• Tendon ball arthroplasty and proximal carpal stabilization with tendon graft restore the integrity of the proximal carpal row [37].
• In unstable wrists, dorsally applied polylactic acid (PLA) plates restore carpal kinematics for 1,000 cycles of motion when fixation is not compromised by carpal size or osteoporosis [38].
• Electrogoniometric and radiologic evaluation characterizes the modification of the wrist center of rotation during flexion and extension [39].
• Wrist arthrodesis may only compromise select wrist functions [40].
• The 'dart thrower's motion' of the wrist, from radial extension to ulnar flexion, may be a unifying concept of functional wrist motion that is uniquely human [41].
• Correction of scapholunate dissociation via modified Brunelli technique or Blatt capsulodesis might correlate with improved carpal dynamics and improved clinical outcomes [42].

Classification

• SLAC wrist diagnosis should be reserved for patients in whom traumatic disruption of the proximal carpal row initiates the defined sequence of arthritic change outlined by Watson and Ballet [5].
• Radiographic classification of SLAC wrist has moderate reliability and reproducibility [14].
• Radiographic classification of SNAC wrist has limited reliability [14].
• SNAC wrists differ from SLAC wrists by exhibiting a decreased sagittal lunotriquetral angle, indicating a distinct pathomechanism of carpal instability [7].
• Bone density is greater at the capitolunate joint, the radial styloid, and the radiolunate joint in SNAC wrists compared to controls [9].
• Carpal malalignment in SLAC wrists affects the radio- and midcarpal joints and extends to the third carpometacarpal joint, with malalignment evident in both sagittal and coronal planes [16].
• Patients with SLAC wrist are more likely to be male and have a history of trauma compared to patients with first CMC OA [12].

Clinical Presentation

• SLAC wrist diagnosis is reserved for patients in whom traumatic disruption of the proximal carpal row initiates a defined sequence of arthritic changes [5].
• Patients with SLAC wrist are more likely to be male and have a history of trauma compared to patients with first CMC OA [12].
• SNAC wrists differ from SLAC wrists by exhibiting a decreased sagittal lunotriquetral angle, indicating a distinct pathomechanism of carpal instability [7].
• Bone density is greater at the capitolunate joint, the radial styloid, and the radiolunate joint in SNAC wrists compared to controls [9].
• Carpal malalignment in SLAC wrists affects the radio- and midcarpal joints and extends to the third carpometacarpal joint, with malalignment evident in both sagittal and coronal planes [16].
• Distal row pronation and translation and radiolunate arthritis are demonstrated in the SNAC wrist via quantitative 3-D CT [9].
• Radiographic classification of SLAC wrist has moderate reliability and reproducibility [14].
• Radiographic classification of SNAC wrist has limited reliability [14].
• There is room for improvement in the assessment of patients with SNAC wrists [45].
• A scapholunate ligament injury visualized arthroscopically, without static x-ray changes, does not inevitably lead to SLAC wrist [15].
• Isolated lunocapitate osteoarthritis presents differently from SLAC wrist and is not related to scapholunate instability [20].
• Bilateral scapholunate widening may have a nontraumatic aetiology and progress to carpal instability and osteoarthritis with advancing age [44].
• Patients without carpal instability or osteoarthritis were younger than those with bilateral SLAC wrists [44].
• There is no absolute evidence to confirm that bilateral wide gaps inexorably progress to carpal instability and osteoarthritis [44].

Investigations

• The diagnosis of SLAC wrist should be reserved for patients in whom a traumatic disruption of the proximal carpal row has initiated the defined sequence of arthritic change outlined by Watson and Ballet [5].
• There is currently no scientific evidence that a scapholunate ligament injury visualized arthroscopically, without static x-ray changes, inevitably leads to SLAC wrist [15].
• Radiographic classification of SLAC wrist has moderate reliability and reproducibility [14].
• Classification of SNAC wrist has limited reliability [14].
• SNAC wrists differ from SLAC wrists in exhibiting a decreased sagittal lunotriquetral angle, indicating a distinct pathomechanism of carpal instability [7].
• Bone density is greater at the capitolunate joint, the radial styloid, and the radiolunate joint in SNAC wrists compared to controls [9].
• Carpal malalignment in SLAC wrists affects the radio- and midcarpal joints and extends to the third carpometacarpal joint, with malalignment evident in both the sagittal and coronal planes [16].
• Patients with SLAC wrist are more likely to be male and have a history of trauma compared to patients with first CMC OA [12].
• Isolated lunocapitate osteoarthritis presents differently from SLAC wrist and is not related to scapholunate instability [20].
• Cineradiography has a high diagnostic value for diagnosing scapholunate dissociations [49].
• Dynamic CT scan of the wrist is a user-friendly way of measuring the scapholunate distance, which is minimal in the normal wrist below 40 years of age [51].

Treatment

• Proximal row carpectomy and four-corner fusion with scaphoid bone excision are the most widely used surgical procedures for stage II wrist osteoarthritis secondary to SLAC or SNAC wrist [6].
• Both proximal row carpectomy and four-corner fusion provide improvements in pain and subjective outcome measures for patients with symptomatic and appropriately staged SLAC or SNAC wrists [1].
• Scaphoid excision and four-corner fusion is an increasingly popular treatment option for patients with stage II or III SLAC/SNAC arthritis that preserves wrist motion through the radiolunate and ulnocarpal joints [3].
• Scaphoid excision and four-corner fusion are effective treatments for SLAC and SNAC patterns of wrist arthritis [8].
• For stage II SLAC wrist with a preserved capitolunate joint, proximal row carpectomy is preferred because it is technically less demanding and yields durable results [10].
• In patients with SLAC/SNAC II, proximal row carpectomy might be favourable to a midcarpal arthrodesis solely based on better flexion-extension range of motion of the radiocarpal joint after proximal row carpectomy [4].
• The LCF (lunate-capitate arthrodesis) is not less efficient than the 4CF (four-corner fusion) in the treatment of SNAC II and III wrist injuries [19].
• Wrist denervation is a viable salvage option for patients with symptomatic SLAC wrist osteoarthritis to preserve motion, decrease pain, and increase function with a low absolute failure rate at mid- to long-term follow-up [13].
• Arthroscopic wrist debridement and radial styloidectomy may have advantages in relieving pain while preserving wrist motion for SLAC stage 2 or 3 disease [23].
• Motion-preserving procedures of the wrist can obtain good long-term results if indications are accurately respected and the technique is well performed to prevent complications [43].
• Proximal row carpectomy is mostly indicated as a palliative procedure in elderly patients with posttraumatic SNAC or SLAC wrist with limited functional demands [18].
• A second and even a third operation can result in long-term pain improvement, good function and capacity for work, and re-operation is recommended in symptomatic cases with minor osteoarthritis of the wrist (SNAC stage 0 or 1) [11].
• Further data in a larger cohort with longer follow-up is required to determine the effect of treatments on SLAC-wrist deterioration [2].

Complications

• Proximal row carpectomy and four-corner fusion provide improvements in pain and subjective outcome measures for patients with symptomatic and appropriately staged SLAC or SNAC wrists [1].
• Further data in a larger cohort with longer follow-up is required to determine the effect of surgical interventions on SLAC-wrist deterioration [2].
• Scaphoid excision and four-corner fusion preserves wrist motion through the radiolunate and ulnocarpal joints [3].
• Proximal row carpectomy may be favourable to midcarpal arthrodesis in patients with SLAC/SNAC II based on better flexion-extension range of motion of the radiocarpal joint after proximal row carpectomy [4].
• The diagnosis of SLAC should be reserved for patients in whom a traumatic disruption of the proximal carpal row has initiated the defined sequence of arthritic change outlined by Watson and Ballet [5].
• Proximal row carpectomy and four-corner fusion with scaphoid bone excision are the most widely used surgical procedures for stage II wrist osteoarthritis secondary to SLAC or SNAC wrist [6].
• SNAC wrists differ from SLAC wrists in exhibiting a decreased sagittal lunotriquetral angle, indicating a distinct pathomechanism of carpal instability [7].
• Bone density was greater at the capitolunate joint, the radial styloid, and the radiolunate joint in SNAC wrists compared to controls [9].
• For stage II SLAC wrist with a preserved capitolunate joint, proximal row carpectomy is preferred because it is technically less demanding and yields durable results [10].
• A second and even a third operation can result in long-term pain improvement, good function and capacity for work, and re-operation is recommended in symptomatic cases with minor osteoarthritis of the wrist (SNAC stage 0 or 1) [11].
• Patients with SLAC wrist were more likely to be male and have a history of trauma compared to patients with first CMC OA [12].
• Wrist denervation was a viable salvage option for patients with symptomatic SLAC wrist osteoarthritis to preserve motion, decrease pain, and increase function with a low absolute failure rate at mid- to long-term follow-up [13].
• There is currently no scientific evidence that a scapholunate ligament injury visualized arthroscopically, without static x-ray changes, inevitably leads to SLAC wrist [15].
• Although ongoing scapholunate instability resulted in early arthritic degeneration after dorsal intercarpal ligament capsulodesis, most patients had acceptable long-term function of the wrist [21].
• Scapholunate ligament reconstruction using a part of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon through a dorsal approach resulted in long-term, improved outcomes compared with other techniques, even in scapholunate advanced collapse type I wrists [22].
• Distal scaphoid resection arthroplasty produced favorable, long-term clinical results and did not result in noteworthy wrist collapse [52].

Recovery

• Proximal row carpectomy and four-corner fusion both provide improvements in pain and subjective outcome measures for patients with symptomatic and appropriately staged SLAC or SNAC wrists [1].
• Further data in a larger cohort with longer follow-up is required to determine the effect of interventions on SLAC-wrist deterioration [2].
• Scaphoid excision and four-corner fusion preserves wrist motion through the radiolunate and ulnocarpal joints in patients with stage II or III SLAC/SNAC arthritis [3].
• In patients with SLAC/SNAC II, proximal row carpectomy might be favourable to midcarpal arthrodesis based on better flexion-extension range of motion of the radiocarpal joint after proximal row carpectomy [4].
• For stage II SLAC wrist with a preserved capitolunate joint, proximal row carpectomy is preferred because it is technically less demanding and yields durable results [10].
• A second and even a third operation can result in long-term pain improvement, good function, and capacity for work, supporting re-operation in symptomatic cases with minor osteoarthritis of the wrist (SNAC stage 0 or 1) [11].
• Wrist denervation is a viable salvage option for patients with symptomatic SLAC wrist osteoarthritis to preserve motion, decrease pain, and increase function with a low absolute failure rate at mid- to long-term follow-up [13].
• Although ongoing scapholunate instability resulted in early arthritic degeneration, most patients had acceptable long-term function of the wrist after dorsal intercarpal ligament capsulodesis [21].
• Scapholunate ligament reconstruction using a part of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon resulted in long-term, improved outcomes compared with other techniques, even in scapholunate advanced collapse type I wrists [22].
• Residual scaphoid deformity has no relevant negative impact on mid-term wrist function after scaphoid nonunion surgery [53].
• Wrist alignment was maintained over time after corrective osteotomy for distal radius malunion, but 13 patients presented mild to moderate symptomatic wrist arthritis [54].
• Carpal collapse recurred within a short time after dorsal intercarpal ligament capsulodesis because the procedure cannot withstand large and repetitive forces [55].
• The reduction and association of the scaphoid and lunate procedure should be abandoned due to early radiographic failure in the short term, despite relatively low outcomes measures scores [56].

Key Evidence

• [L4] Both procedures provide improvements in pain and subjective outcome measures for patients with symptomatic and appropriately staged SLAC or SNAC wrists. [1] (10.1177/1753193408100954)
• [Paper] Scaphoid excision and four-corner fusion is an increasingly popular treatment option for patients with stage II or III SLAC/SNAC arthritis that preserves wrist motion through the radiolunate and ulnocarpal joints. [3] (10.1016/j.hcl.2005.08.012)
• [L1] In patients with SLAC/SNAC II, proximal row carpectomy might be favourable to a midcarpal arthrodesis solely based on better FE ROM of the radiocarpal joint after proximal row carpectomy. [4] (10.1186/s12891-024-07527-6)
• [L5] The diagnosis of SLAC should be reserved for patients in whom a traumatic disruption of the proximal carpal row has initiated the defined sequence of arthritic change outlined by Watson and Ballet. [5] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.06.110)
• [L4] Proximal row carpectomy and four-corner fusion with scaphoid bone excision are the most widely used surgical procedures for stage II wrist osteoarthritis secondary to SLAC or SNAC wrist. [6] (10.1016/j.otsr.2014.06.025)
• [L4] SNAC wrists differ from SLAC wrists in exhibiting a decreased sagittal lunotriquetral angle, indicating a distinct pathomechanism of carpal instability. [7] (10.1186/s12891-025-08652-6)
• [L3] Scaphoid excision and four-corner fusion are effective treatments for SLAC and SNAC patterns of wrist arthritis. [8] (10.1016/s0363-5023(09)60084-8)
• [L3] Bone density was greater at the capitolunate joint, the radial styloid, and the radiolunate joint in SNAC wrists compared to controls. [9] (10.2106/jbjs.22.01350)
• [L4] For stage II SLAC wrist with a preserved capitolunate joint, proximal row carpectomy is preferred because it is technically less demanding and yields durable results. [10] (10.5435/00124635-200307000-00007)
• [L4] A second and even a third operation can result in long-term pain improvement, good function and capacity for work, and we recommend re-operation in symptomatic cases with minor osteoarthritis of the wrist (SNAC stage 0 or 1). [11] (10.1177/1753193409346093)
• [L3] Patients with SLAC wrist were more likely to be male and have a history of trauma compared to patients with first CMC OA. [12] (10.1177/1558944718788672)
• [L4] This method of wrist denervation was a viable salvage option for patients with symptomatic SLAC wrist osteoarthritis to preserve motion, decrease pain, and increase function with a low absolute failure rate at mid- to long-term follow-up. [13] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.023)
• [L4] Radiographic classification of SLAC wrist has moderate reliability and reproducibility, whereas classification of SNAC wrist has limited reliability. [14] (10.1177/1753193413484629)
• [L5] There is currently no scientific evidence that a scapholunate ligament injury visualized arthroscopically, without static x-ray changes, inevitably leads to SLAC wrist. [15] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.01.018)
• [L3] Carpal malalignment in SLAC wrists not only affects the radio- and midcarpal joints, but also extends to the third carpometacarpal joint, with malalignment evident in both the sagittal and coronal planes. [16] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.09.021)
• [L4] The LCF is not less efficient than the 4CF in the treatment of SNAC II and III wrist injuries. [19] (10.1186/s12891-024-07755-w)
• [L3] Although the consequent ongoing scapholunate instability resulted in early arthritic degeneration, most patients had acceptable long-term function of the wrist. [21] (10.1302/0301-620x.94b12.30007)
• [L4] This technique, even in scapholunate advanced collapse type I wrists, resulted in long-term, improved outcomes compared with other techniques. [22] (10.1177/17531934221143679)
• [L4] The procedure studied may have advantages in relieving pain while preserving wrist motion for SLAC stage 2 or 3 disease. [23] (10.1177/1558944717725383)
• [L2] Both surgical groups demonstrated decreased wrist kinematic motion and functional performance compared with individuals with normal wrists. [24] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.04.035)
• [L5] This study describes the effect of lunate morphology on 3-dimensional carpal kinematics during wrist flexion and extension. [25] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.09.019)
• [L3] Motion was smoother and more closely replicated the normal axis and functional motion of the wrist. [26] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.02.027)
• [L5] Despite complex carpal bone anatomy and kinematics, computed fiber elongations were found to vary linearly with wrist position. [27] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.04.025)
• [L5] Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) is a promising, non-invasive, and affordable method to assess and quantify wrist kinematics, extending conventional CT by incorporating the temporal dimension. [28] (10.1177/17531934251326028)
• [L5] However, during simple unresisted wrist motions, the force did not exceed 20 N. [29] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.04.007)
• [L3] These kinematic changes may predict the development of radioscaphoid arthritis and help identify a kinematically abnormal wrist. [30] (10.1177/17531934241242676)
• [L4] Scaphoid nonunions have a dramatic impact on carpal kinematics, partially uncoupling the proximal and distal carpal rows. [31] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.03.008)
• [L4] With the increased focus on dynamic imaging for wrist motion, it may be possible to derive a standardized protocol for mapping the carpal motion that is clinically applicable and reproducible. [32] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.10.001)
• [L4] This study provides guidelines on how to measure and quantify carpal alignment three-dimensionally and establishes a database for normal values, which may be useful when analysing various wrist pathologies and kinematics. [33] (10.1177/17531934231160100)
• [L4] More than half the motion of the carpus when the wrist was loaded in extension occurred at the midcarpal joint. [34] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.10.035)
• [L5] The contact areas between the scaphoid and distal radius are maximized during full extension of the wrist, which helps stabilize the radiocarpal joint and potentially reduces the risk of injury to the carpus and the distal radius. [36] (10.1177/1753193413507810)
• [L4] The technique demonstrated reduced wrist pain and improved wrist motion and grip strength while restoring the integrity of the proximal carpal row. [37] (10.1177/17531934241238939)
• [L5] The study shows that in the unstable wrist, following ligament sectioning, where fixation is not compromised by carpal size or osteoporosis, a dorsally applied PLA plate does restore carpal kinematics for 1,000 cycles of motion. [38] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.01.016)
• [L4] The study also characterized the modification of the wrist CoR during flexion and extension, noting that stability is considered more important than mobility in clinical conditions. [39] (10.1016/s0749-0712(03)00008-8)
• [L4] Our findings suggest that wrist arthrodesis may only compromise select wrist functions. [40] (10.1177/1558944715626930)
• [L5] The 'dart thrower's motion' of the wrist, from radial extension to ulnar flexion, may be a unifying concept of functional wrist motion that is uniquely human. [41] (10.5435/00124635-201001000-00007)
• [L5] This correction might correlate with improved carpal dynamics and improved clinical outcomes. [42] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.06.029)
• [L4] While bilateral SLAC wrists were not exceptional and patients without carpal instability or osteoarthritis were younger, there is no absolute evidence to confirm that bilateral wide gaps inexorably progress to carpal instability and osteoarthritis. [44] (10.1177/1753193418819653)
• [L4] There is room for improvement in the way we assess patients with SNAC wrists. [45] (10.1177/1558944716677541)
• [L3] The authors prefer proximal row carpectomy for SLAC wrists with preserved capitate head cartilage due to socio-economic benefits, lower complication rates, and procedural ease. [46] (10.1177/1753193408087116)
• [L3] Cineradiography has a high diagnostic value for diagnosing scapholunate dissociations. [49] (10.1177/1753193413489056)
• [L4] This novel dynamic CT scan of the wrist is a user-friendly way of measuring the scapholunate distance, which is minimal in the normal wrist below 40 years of age. [51] (10.1177/1558944717726372)
• [L4] Distal scaphoid resection arthroplasty produced favorable, long-term clinical results and did not result in noteworthy wrist collapse. [52] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.05.031)
• [L4] Residual scaphoid deformity has no relevant negative impact on mid-term wrist function. [53] (10.1177/17531934221125355)
• [L4] Wrist alignment was maintained over time but 13 patients presented mild to moderate symptomatic wrist arthritis. [54] (10.1177/1753193409357373)
• [L4] With a majority of patients experiencing early radiographic failure of the procedure in the short term, our experience suggests that the reduction and association of the scaphoid and lunate procedure should be abandoned despite the relatively low outcomes measures scores. [56] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.07.014)

References

[1] Proximal Row Carpectomy vs Four Corner Fusion for Scapholunate (Slac) or Scaphoid Nonunion Advanced Collapse (Snac) Wrists: A Systematic Review of Outcomes. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2009. DOI: 10.1177/1753193408100954 [2] 10.1055-s-0033-1341582. n.d.. [3] Scaphoid Excision with Four-Corner Fusion. Hand Clinics. 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2005.08.012 [4] Patient reported and functional outcome measures after surgical salvage procedures for posttraumatic radiocarpal osteoarthritis – a systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07527-6 [5] Scapholunate Advanced Collapse: Nomenclature and Differential Diagnosis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.06.110 [6] Wrist osteoarthritis. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.06.025 [7] Computer-aided three-dimensional analysis of carpal alignment in scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse wrists: A comparative study with scapholunate advanced collapse and healthy wrists. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08652-6 [8] Four-Corner Fusion: A Retrospective Comparative Study of Fixation with a Circular Plate versus Compression Screws. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/s0363-5023(09)60084-8 [9] Quantitative 3-D CT Demonstrates Distal Row Pronation and Translation and Radiolunate Arthritis in the SNAC Wrist. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.22.01350 [10] Proximal Row Carpectomy and Intercarpal Arthrodesis for the Management of Wrist Arthritis. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2003. DOI: 10.5435/00124635-200307000-00007 [11] Is revision bone grafting worthwhile after failed surgery for scaphoid nonunion? Minimum 8 year follow-up of 18 patients. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2009. DOI: 10.1177/1753193409346093 [12] The Epidemiology of Scapholunate Advanced Collapse. HAND. 2018. DOI: 10.1177/1558944718788672 [13] Midterm Patient-Reported Outcomes in Wrist Denervation for Post-Traumatic Arthritis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.023 [14] Reproducibility of radiographic classification of scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) and scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC) wrist. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2013. DOI: 10.1177/1753193413484629 [15] Scapholunate Advanced Collapse and Scaphoid Nonunion Advanced Collapse Arthritis—Update on Evaluation and Treatment. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.01.018 [16] Comparative Computer-Aided Analysis of Three-Dimensional Carpal Alignment in Scapholunate Advanced Collapse and Healthy Wrists. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.09.021 [18] 10.1055-s-0032-1329615. n.d.. [19] Lunate-capitate arthrodesis for scaphoid nonunion: a comparative study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07755-w [20] 10.1055-s-0034-1372515. n.d.. [21] Long-term results of dorsal intercarpal ligament capsulodesis for the treatment of chronic scapholunate instability. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume. 2012. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.94b12.30007 [22] Scapholunate ligament reconstruction using a part of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon through a dorsal approach. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2023. DOI: 10.1177/17531934221143679 [23] Arthroscopic Wrist Debridement and Radial Styloidectomy for Advanced Scapholunate Advanced Collapse Wrist: Long-term Follow-up. HAND. 2017. DOI: 10.1177/1558944717725383 [24] Surgical Treatments for Scapholunate Advanced Collapse Wrist: Kinematics and Functional Performance. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2015. 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