鹰嘴滑囊炎资料 In-depth

您的感受

鹰嘴滑囊炎是指肘部尖端的微小缓冲囊发生肿胀。该囊称为滑囊，通常使皮肤能够平滑地滑过骨骼。当它发炎时，您会注意到肘尖正上方出现一个柔软的、有时有压痛的肿块。

肿胀通常是您首先看到的现象。它可能在一天或两天内迅速出现，也可能在数周内缓慢发展。倚靠该肘部会使其恶化，因此伏案工作、将手臂搁在椅背上，或睡觉时弯曲肘部压在身下，都可能使其加重。许多人发现夜间会疼痛，尤其是当他们睡在那一侧时。伸直手臂并减轻肘尖的压力通常有助于缓解。

日常生活中弯曲肘部对抗阻力或按压肘尖的动作会变得笨拙。从低矮的椅子上撑起身体、装载洗碗机、将购物袋抵在前臂上，或阅读时将肘部搁在桌子上，都可能引起不适。向上伸展手臂也可能牵拉到肿胀区域。

肿胀本身并不总是简单的劳损。有时它源于滑囊内的感染，这通常会使肘部上方的皮肤发红、发热且疼痛加剧。有时它源于关节内的结晶，这种情况称为痛风，尤其是如果您以前有过类似的发作，或者另一侧肘部也受到影响。此处的肿胀也可能与类风湿性关节炎等炎症性关节疾病有关，后者通常同时影响身体两侧的几个关节。

由于这些病因在外观上可能相似，因此从外部区分它们并不总是容易的。如果您的肘部发热、发红或非常疼痛，或者肿胀持续数周未消退，值得进行适当的检查，以便开始正确的治疗。

实际发生了什么

在肘部尖端，有一个称为滑囊的小液囊。可以将其想象成一个薄薄的衬垫，就像皮肤和骨头之间的一个填充袋。它的作用是在您每次弯曲或伸直手臂时，让皮肤在骨头上平滑地滑动。

在鹰嘴滑囊炎中，这个衬垫会发炎并因额外液体的积聚而肿胀。这通常发生在肘尖反复受到轻微撞击或压力之后，这种压力来自于日复一日地倚靠在坚硬表面上。随着时间的推移，摩擦也可能导致滑囊单纯性增大。您能看到和摸到的肿块就是肿胀的滑囊本身，而压痛则来自其周围发炎的组织。

有时，肿胀不仅仅是刺激。滑囊可能受到感染，这就是为什么感染的滑囊往往比单纯发炎的滑囊更热、更红且更痛。痛风产生的晶体可能沉积在滑囊中，类风湿性关节炎等炎症性疾病也可能导致同一部位出现肿胀和小的硬结。由于这些病因从外观上看非常相似，区分它们可能需要适当的检查。

位于肘部尖端的骨头称为鹰嘴，它紧贴皮肤下方，周围几乎没有缓冲。这种暴露的位置正是它如此容易受到撞击的原因，也是其上方的滑囊承受如此多磨损的原因。同一块骨头还固定了手臂后侧肌肉的肌腱，即伸直肘部的那块肌肉，因此这个微小区域周围的问题可能会影响整个肘部的感觉和运动。

我们如何处理该问题

Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton 的上肢外科医生 Kieran Hirpara 医生会从适合您病情的最微创方案入手。患者通常由全科医生（GP）转诊至我们的诊所；如果物理治疗师建议您就诊，您仍需获得全科医生的转诊才能符合 Medicare 报销资格。在您的首次就诊时，我们会采集病史，检查您的肘部，并在必要时安排超声或磁共振成像（MRI）等影像学检查。MRI 扫描利用磁铁生成软组织的详细图像，擅长显示囊袋的肿胀程度及其容纳的液体量。影像学检查还能发现隐藏在肿胀背后的其他问题，这一点至关重要，因为不同的病因需要不同的治疗。

对于大多数长期存在的病例，我们首先采用简单的支持性护理。这意味着冰敷、使用绷带或袖套进行加压、在肘尖处使用保护性衬垫，以及改变持续刺激该部位的活动。减轻肘尖的压力通常是您能做出的最有用的单一改变。物理治疗旨在平息刺激，重建舒适的运动功能，同时避免诱发肿胀。在考虑进一步措施之前，我们会给予这种非手术方法充分的尝试时间，因为非手术护理对大多数人效果良好，并能避免与针剂或手术相关的风险。

如果囊袋发生感染，我们会直接治疗该感染。该囊袋的单纯性感染通常仅通过药物治疗即可控制，无需切除囊袋。我们还会密切监测类风湿关节炎患者，因为肘关节本身有时可能与滑囊同时受累，而这会改变治疗方案。

手术并非我们针对该病症的常规首选措施。大多数外科医生会推迟早期手术，因为位于该突出骨骼上的伤口愈合可能较慢，有时甚至会留下窦道（一种持续排液的小通道）。当非手术护理未能提供足够的改善且肿胀反复出现时，我们会考虑切除发炎的囊袋，即滑囊切除术。在合适的情况下，我们可以通过几个小切口使用微型相机进行手术，这种方法称为内镜手术。这避免了在肘部敏感点正上方留下长伤口。手术是否适合您，是我们共同做出的决定，需权衡您希望恢复的状态与各选项所涉及的内容。

预期情况

对于大多数人来说，这种肿胀通过简单的护理即可消退。减轻肘尖的压力，用衬垫保护该部位，并逐步减少诱发症状的活动，有助于囊袋趋于平静。对于这种情况，非手术治疗通常比手术更有效且更安全，大多数人无需接受手术。如果囊袋发生感染但感染较为单纯，仅通过药物治疗通常即可奏效，且肿胀往往无需引流或切除囊袋即可得到控制。

若未进行上述护理，或持续受到相同压力，肿胀往往会持续存在或反复出现。有些人发现肿胀数周仍未消退。如果您的肘部长时间保持肿胀状态，建议重新评估，因为持续不消退的肿胀偶尔可能提示存在需要专门治疗的较少见病因。

当非手术治疗已充分尝试但肿胀仍反复出现时，手术切除发炎的囊袋便成为一个选项。这是一个不会轻易做出的决定，通常只有在简单措施失败后才会考虑。对于这种顽固性肿胀进行手术时，患者在肘部感觉和功能方面往往能观察到切实的改善。通过几个小切口配合微型摄像头切除囊袋，与术后疼痛轻微、恢复迅速相关，且据报告的患者中无复发或需要再次手术的伤口愈合并发症。即便如此，此类手术并非万无一失：约11.5%接受囊袋切除的患者日后需要再次手术。此外，即使手术后，肿胀仍有小概率复发。

术后恢复通常较为顺利，但该骨性突起部位的伤口愈合可能较慢，这也是外科医生倾向于避免早期手术的原因之一。大多数人能在数周而非数月内恢复肘部的舒适日常使用。如果手术成为计划的一部分，您的外科医生会向您详细说明您的恢复过程将如何。

何时就医

肘尖处的大多数肿胀通过休息和简单护理即可消退。如果肿块持续增大，或在几周内减轻肘部压力后仍未消退，请咨询您的全科医生。

某些病因需要尽快处理。如果肘部皮肤发热、发红且疼痛剧烈，请前往急诊科，因为这可能意味着囊袋感染，而此处的感染需要当日评估。如果您既往有痛风发作史，另一侧肘部也出现肿胀，或身体两侧多个关节均受累，请要求专科医生会诊，因为这些情况提示痛风或类风湿关节炎等炎症性疾病，而非单纯的刺激。从外部区分感染和痛风可能很困难，因此请勿自行判断。

深入探讨

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

本节内容超出了您做出自身治疗决策所需的深度。鹰嘴滑囊炎值得额外阅读，因为针对该病最本能采取的两项措施——用针头抽吸肿胀积液以及向其中注射皮质类固醇——均有证据表明其存在弊端。

引流本身可能就是导致问题的原因

直觉很强烈：既然有积液，那就把积液抽掉。但试验数据指向相反的方向。在一项针对单纯性化脓性鹰嘴滑囊炎管理策略的比较中，不进行穿刺抽吸的经验性治疗是有效的，没有患者需要接受滑囊切除术；而在传统的穿刺抽吸组中，11名患者中有8名最终需要手术切除滑囊 [1]。

这是一个来自小样本系列的显著差异，阅读时应持谨慎态度。但其机制并不神秘。滑囊位于骨骼突起上方薄薄的皮肤之下，该突起承受着每一次撞击和在桌面上的每一次倚靠。用针穿过该皮肤会形成一条窦道，而位于压力点上的窦道愈合缓慢，且可能持续渗出。

总体综述在方向上是一致的。主要基于IV级证据，非手术治疗比手术治疗显著更有效且更安全 [2]。

皮质类固醇注射存在风险且无法改善预后

文献中对此的表述异常直白。对于无菌性滑囊炎，皮质类固醇注射与显著风险相关，且无法改善预后 [2]。

这些风险具有部位特异性：在皮下骨性突起处，会导致皮肤萎缩和色素脱失；此外，感染可能被引入一个难以清除的空间。在上肢其他部位，当简单措施无效时，皮质类固醇注射是一个合理的步骤。但在此处，证据不支持该操作，若被建议进行此项治疗，了解这一差异至关重要。

手术是真正的最后手段，且具有可测量的失败率

即使进行了滑囊切除术，也不能可靠地终结病程。滑囊切除术后的翻修率为 11.5%，且在患有类风湿关节炎、糖尿病、任一侧肘部滑囊炎病史以及女性患者中，翻修更为常见 [3]。

这些危险因素描述了滑囊可能再生的情况：手术无法去除的炎症或代谢驱动因素，或该个体组织产生该问题的明确倾向。对于复发性病例，在一系列 45 例肘部中，已描述了一种替代方案，即滑囊内多西环素硬化疗法，通过故意使空间瘢痕化闭合，而非将其切除 [4]。

真正起决定作用的因素

并不光鲜的答案是保护与时间。由于滑囊因肘尖部位受压而受到机械性刺激，针对病因的治疗就是消除该压力：使用衬垫，并改掉倚靠肘部的习惯，且需坚持比感觉上认为必要的时间更久。大多数病例会自行缓解 [5]，上述干预措施在很大程度上只是试图缩短本可自然恢复的病程，而这正是为何在此处，任何带有自身风险的干预措施都需要达到较高的标准。

参考文献

[1] Deal JB, Vaslow AS, Bickley RJ, Verwiebe EG, Ryan PM. 未行抽吸的单纯性鹰嘴滑囊炎的经验性治疗. J Hand Surg Am. 2020;45(1):20-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.06.012

[2] Sayegh ET, Strauch RJ. 鹰嘴滑囊炎的治疗：系统综述. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014;134(11):1517-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-014-2088-3

[3] Germawi L, Westenberg RF, Wang F, Schep NW, Chen NC, Eberlin KR. 滑囊切除术后鹰嘴滑囊炎翻修手术的相关因素. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30(5):1135-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033

[4] McDermott D, Wakefield D, Kowalsky M, Sethi P, Vitale MA, Morrey BF. 肘部复发性鹰嘴滑囊炎的囊内多西环素硬化治疗. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2024;6(4):504-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.006

[5] Nchinda NN, Wolf JM. 鹰嘴滑囊炎的临床管理：综述. J Hand Surg Am. 2021;46(6):501-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.006

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

Surgical resection of a chronic olecranon bursitis should not be considered lightly [1].
The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5% [2].
The operation appears to give satisfactory results for chronic olecranon bursitis [3].
Based primarily on level IV evidence, nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [4].
Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status [5].
Patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room [6].
Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis was found to be effective with no patients requiring bursectomy [7].
In the traditional aspiration group for uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis, 8 of 11 patients required bursectomy [7].
Intrabursal doxycycline sclerotherapy may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management [8].
Patients with refractory olecranon bursitis, particularly if aseptic, tend to gain significant physical health benefits from open bursectomy [9].
Endoscopic bursectomies are a useful treatment option for patients with recalcitrant olecranon bursitis [10].
Bursal suture repair is a viable alternative to bursectomy in selected patients with chronic traumatic olecranon bursitis [11].
Bursal suture repair combines functional and cosmetic benefits in selected patients with chronic traumatic olecranon bursitis [11].
Deferring aspiration in uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis is a reasonable treatment option [16].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Bony Anatomy

The olecranon and the coronoid process form the greater sigmoid notch, which articulates with the trochlea of the distal humerus [19].
The intrinsic anatomy of the greater sigmoid notch allows flexion/extension movement of the elbow joint and provides stability for the elbow [19].
The olecranon serves as the insertion for the triceps tendon, which blends with the periosteum of the proximal ulna [19].
The exposed position of the olecranon renders it vulnerable to direct trauma and violent muscular contractions from the triceps [19].
In children, the olecranon is predominantly cartilage, particularly in younger children, which reduces the chance of fracture occurring with a direct blow [20].
The thick periosteum and relatively thin metaphyseal cortex of the olecranon in children predispose it to minimally displaced greenstick fractures [20].

Pathophysiology

Olecranon bursitis is a condition where the bursal cavity, superficial to the olecranon, becomes inflamed [13].
Olecranon bursitis can occur with or without infection [13].
Olecranon bursitis is often predisposed by repeated minor trauma from external pressure [13].
The olecranon bursa sometimes becomes enlarged as a result of pressure or friction [27].
When the olecranon bursa is painful, the cause is more likely to be infection, gout, or rheumatoid arthritis [27].
Gout is suspected in olecranon bursitis if there is a history of previous attacks, if the condition is bilateral, if there are tophi, or if X-ray shows calcification in the bursa [27].
Rheumatoid arthritis causes both swelling and nodularity over the olecranon [27].
In almost all cases of rheumatoid arthritis affecting the olecranon, it is associated with a typical symmetrical polyarthritis [27].
In the late stages of rheumatoid arthritis, erosion of the elbow joint may cause marked instability [27].

Classification

Olecranon bursitis has been given pseudonyms relating to the repeated minor trauma from external pressure that often predisposes [13].
Traumatic lesions of the olecranon bursa are common injuries associated with a high risk of complications [14].

Clinical Presentation

Olecranon bursitis is a common condition where the bursal cavity, superficial to the olecranon, becomes inflamed [13].
Olecranon bursitis can occur either with or without infection [13].
Due to multiple aetiologies, olecranon bursitis can present to any medical specialty with reasonable frequency [13].
When the olecranon bursa is also painful, the cause is more likely to be infection, gout, or rheumatoid arthritis [27].
Gout is suspected if there is a history of previous attacks, if the condition is bilateral, if there are tophi, or if X-ray shows calcification in the bursa [27].
In almost all cases of rheumatoid arthritis-associated olecranon bursitis, the condition is associated with a typical symmetrical polyarthritis [27].
Pyoderma gangrenosum must be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever a patient presents with ulcerative cutaneous lesions that resemble an infectious process such as olecranon bursitis [38].

Investigations

MR imaging is probably the method of choice for determining both the development of the bursae and their fluid content [44].

Treatment

Non-Operative Management

The first treatment line for olecranon bursitis is conservative, including ice, rest, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and, occasionally, bursal fluid aspiration [25].
More recent literature demonstrates adverse effects of intrabursal injections and surgery compared with noninvasive management for initial treatment of nonseptic olecranon bursitis [18].
Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50C and 52C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis [34].
Hydrothermal ablation for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis has fewer complications than open bursectomy and comparable efficacy [34].

Operative Management

Open bursectomy appears to give satisfactory results for chronic olecranon bursitis [3].
Endoscopic olecranon bursectomy provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon [15].
Bursal suture repair is a viable alternative to bursectomy in selected patients with chronic traumatic olecranon bursitis, combining functional and cosmetic benefits [11].
Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success [17].

Surgical Complications and Outcomes

More recent literature demonstrates adverse effects of surgery compared with noninvasive management for initial treatment of nonseptic olecranon bursitis [18].
Surgeons are reluctant to perform surgical excision as first-line treatment for chronic olecranon bursitis due to the fear of causing a chronic draining sinus or infection [45].

Infection and Atypical Etiologies

Recovery

Nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management [4].
8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy [7].
Bursal suture repair combines functional and cosmetic benefits [11].
The extrabursal endoscopic approach provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method [15].
The extrabursal endoscopic approach avoids a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon [15].
Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa [17].
Multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success [17].

Key Evidence

[L3] The revision rate after bursectomy for olecranon bursitis was 11.5%. [2] (10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033)
[L4] The operation appears to give satisfactory results for chronic olecranon bursitis. [3] (10.1016/s0020-1383(77)80050-8)
[L4] Based primarily on level IV evidence, nonsurgical management of olecranon bursitis is significantly more effective and safer than surgical management. [4] (10.1007/s00402-014-2088-3)
[L4] Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis should be considered in any patient with a swollen bursa and protracted course, regardless of immune status. [5] (10.1016/j.jse.2008.07.009)
[L4] In this population, patients who underwent endoscopic olecranon bursectomy experienced no recurrences or wound-healing complications necessitating return to the operating room. [6] (10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100832)
[L4] Empirical management of uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis was found to be effective with no patients requiring bursectomy, whereas 8 of 11 patients in the traditional aspiration group required bursectomy. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.06.012)
[L4] This may be an effective alternative to surgical bursectomy for patients with recurrent olecranon bursitis refractory to conservative management. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.006)
[L4] Patients with refractory olecranon bursitis, particularly if aseptic, tend to gain significant physical health benefits from open bursectomy. [9] (10.7759/cureus.43696)
[L5] Endoscopic bursectomies are a useful treatment option for patients with recalcitrant olecranon bursitis. [10] (10.1016/j.eats.2023.09.004)
[L5] Bursal suture repair is a viable alternative to bursectomy in selected patients with chronic traumatic olecranon bursitis, combining functional and cosmetic benefits. [11] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100597)
[L4] [13] (10.1177/1758573214532787)
[Paper] Traumatic lesions of the olecranon bursa or prepatellar bursa are common injuries associated with a high risk of complications. [14] (10.1007/s00402-017-2690-2)
[L4] This approach provides a satisfactory view with less morbidity than the open method while avoiding a wound over the sensitive point of the olecranon. [15] (10.1097/bth.0b013e31829c0535)
[L4] Deferring aspiration in uncomplicated septic olecranon bursitis is a reasonable treatment option. [16] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.06.059)
[Case_report] Excision has been curative for all lesions of the olecranon bursa, whereas multiple medications have been tried for cutaneous and systemic infections without clear-cut success. [17] (10.2106/00004623-198062050-00024)
[L5] Older studies showed resolution with injections and surgery, but more recent literature demonstrates adverse effects of intrabursal injections and surgery compared with noninvasive management for initial treatment of nonseptic olecranon bursitis. [18] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.006)
[L4] The first treatment line for olecranon bursitis is conservative, including ice, rest, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and, occasionally, bursal fluid aspiration. [25] (10.1016/j.surge.2012.02.002)
[L4] Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50C and 52C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and a comparable efficacy. [34] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.021)
[Case_report] PG must be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever a patient presents with ulcerative cutaneous lesions that resemble an infectious process such as olecranon bursitis. [38] (10.1016/j.jse.2014.06.032)
[L4] MR imaging is probably the method of choice for determining both the development of the bursae and their fluid content. [44] (10.1007/s002560050117)
[L3] [45] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.12.030)

References

[1] Complications following resection of the olecranon bursa. Acta Orthopaedica Belgica. 2006.

[2] Factors associated with revision surgery for olecranon bursitis after bursectomy. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.033

[3] A useful procedure in the treatment of chronic olecranon bursitis. Injury. 1977. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(77)80050-8

[4] Treatment of olecranon bursitis: a systematic review. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-014-2088-3

[5] Nontuberculous mycobacterial olecranon bursitis: Case reports and literature review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2008.07.009

[6] No Wound Healing Complications or Recurrences Were Seen and a High Level of Satisfaction Was Reported in Patients Who Underwent Endoscopic Olecranon Bursectomy for Recalcitrant Olecranon Bursitis. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100832

[7] Empirical Treatment of Uncomplicated Septic Olecranon Bursitis Without Aspiration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.06.012

[8] Intrabursal Doxycycline Sclerotherapy for Recurrent Olecranon Bursitis of the Elbow: A Case Control Study. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.006

[9] Clinical Outcomes Following Open Olecranon Bursa Excision for Septic and Aseptic Olecranon Bursitis: An Observational Study. Cureus. 2023. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43696

[10] Endoscopic Olecranon Bursectomy in the Treatment of Recalcitrant Olecranon Bursitis: Patient Selection and Operative Technique. Arthroscopy Techniques. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2023.09.004

[11] Olecranon bursal repair for chronic traumatic bursitis: a surgical technique. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100597

[13] Olecranon bursitis: a systematic overview. Shoulder & Elbow. 2014. DOI: 10.1177/1758573214532787

[14] Treatment and outcome with traumatic lesions of the olecranon and prepatellar bursa: a literature review apropos a retrospective analysis including 552 cases. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-017-2690-2

[15] Olecranon Extrabursal Endoscopic Bursectomy. Techniques in Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery. 2013. DOI: 10.1097/bth.0b013e31829c0535

[16] Empiric Treatment of Uncomplicated Septic Olecranon Bursitis Without Aspiration. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.06.059

[17] Protothecal olecranon bursitis. A case report and review of the literature.. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1980. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-198062050-00024

[18] Clinical Management of Olecranon Bursitis: A Review. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.02.006

[19] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Fractures of the Elbow > II. Olecranon Fractures.

[20] Tachdjian S Pediatric Orthopaedics From The Texas Scottish Rite Hospital For Children E Book. Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis and Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath > Olecranon Fractures.

[25] Diagnosis and management of olecranon bursitis. The Surgeon. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2012.02.002

[27] Apley And Solomon S Concise System Of Orthopaedics And Trauma. OLECRANON BURSITIS.

[34] Hydrothermal ablation in recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis: a prospective study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.021

[38] Case report: misdiagnosed olecranon bursitis: pyoderma gangrenosum. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2014.06.032

[44] The US,CT and MR findings of cubital bursitis: a report of five cases. Skeletal Radiology. 1996. DOI: 10.1007/s002560050117

[45] Chronic Olecranon Bursitis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.12.030